This Mini-Review Article is a critical compendium of recent advances in the photocatalytic reduction of the priority pollutants nitroarenes and aqueous nitrate over various semiconducting materials. The photocatalytic reduction of nitroarenes produces useful industrial intermediate compounds, whereas the photocatalytic reduction of aqueous nitrates leads to the formation of harmless N 2 or NH 3 as a potential alternative to the Haber−Bosch process. This Mini-Review Article looks at the physical chemistry aspects of the photocatalytic materials as well as their respective optical band structure, surface morphology, size, crystalline structure, and polymorphic phases. The photocatalysts are categorized into five major segments: (a) band-engineered semiconducting photocatalysts, (b) quantum dots, (c) anionic and transition-metal-doped photocatalysts for optimum mid-gap states, (d) organic dyes or plasmonic metal-supported photocatalysts, and (e) photocatalysts with heterojunctions. Pristine and doped band-engineered TiO 2 stands out as the most explored class of materials for photoreduction of nitroarenes and nitrates. Other semiconductor oxides, like perovskites, layered graphitic-C 3 N 4 , graphene derivatives, and chalcogenides, are also discussed in this Mini-Review Article. The mechanistic details of the photocatalytic reduction of nitroaromatics and aqueous nitrates in correlation with the materials' physical properties are critically explored, with an overall conclusion at the end.