Improving regulations on residential emissions and non-criteria hazardous contaminants—Insights from a field campaign on ambient PM and PAHs in North China Plain

Shen, Guofeng; Du, Wei; Zhuo, Shaojie; Yu, Jialing; Tao, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.003

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This is attributed to the clean heating campaign launched in 2016/2017 in this area, which was also known as coal-to-gas/electricity or the coal ban policy [ 34 , 35 ]. Studies have shown that the policy resulted in large reductions in air pollutant emissions and significant health benefits [ 35 – 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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The household energy mix has significant impacts on human health and climate, as it contributes greatly to many health- and climate-relevant air pollutants. Compared to the well-established urban energy statistical system, the rural household energy statistical system is incomplete and is often associated with high biases. Via a nationwide investigation, this study revealed high contributions to energy supply from coal and biomass fuels in the rural household energy sector, while electricity comprised ∼20%. Stacking (the use of multiple sources of energy) is significant, and the average number of energy types was 2.8 per household. Compared to 2012, the consumption of biomass and coals in 2017 decreased by 45% and 12%, respectively, while the gas consumption amount increased by 204%. Increased gas and decreased coal consumptions were mainly in cooking, while decreased biomass was in both cooking (41%) and heating (59%). The time-sharing fraction of electricity and gases (E&G) for daily cooking grew, reaching 69% in 2017, but for space heating, traditional solid fuels were still dominant, with the national average shared fraction of E&G being only 20%. The non-uniform spatial distribution and the non-linear increase in the fraction of E&G indicated challenges to achieving universal access to modern cooking energy by 2030, particularly in less-developed rural and mountainous areas. In some non-typical heating zones, the increased share of E&G for heating was significant and largely driven by income growth, but in typical heating zones, the time-sharing fraction was <5% and was not significantly increased, except in areas with policy intervention. The intervention policy not only led to dramatic increases in the clean energy fraction for heating but also accelerated the clean cooking transition. Higher income, higher education, younger age, less energy/stove stacking and smaller family size positively impacted the clean energy transition.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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“…Researchers have long been concerned with the status of soil PAC pollution yielded by coking plant emissions, with attention paid to the limited 16 priority control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (referred to as priority PAHs hereafter), as proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance in the 1970s. However, with the advancement of monitoring techniques, the characteristics of non-priority PAHs have continued to receive attention, mainly due to the high toxicity of certain non-priority PAHs, such as Benzo(e)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,e)fluoranthene, Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, and 6-nitrochrysene [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. A study has indicated that when considering only priority PAHs, the respiratory exposure risk achieved over Nanjing City, China, is 5.6 × 10 −5 , but it significantly increases to 4.4 × 10 −4 when non-priority PAHs are considered [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) in Soils of a Coking Plant

Zhou,

Li,

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Coke production is an important source of environmental polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives. The focus near coking plants has primarily been on parent-PAH contamination, with less attention given to highly toxic derivatives. In this study, soil samples were collected from both within and outside of a coking plant. The concentrations of parent-PAHs and their derivatives, including methylated-PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs, and nitrated-PAHs, were examined. Spatial interpolation was employed to determine their spatial distribution patterns. Methods for identifying potential sources and conducting incremental lifetime cancer risk analysis were used. This could achieve a comprehensive understanding of the status of PAC pollution and the associated health risks caused by coke production. The concentrations of total PACs inside the plant ranged from 7.4 to 115.8 mg/kg, higher than those outside (in the range of 0.2 to 65.7 mg/kg). The spatial distribution of parent-PAH concentration and their derivatives consistently decreased with increasing distance from the plant. A significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) among parent-PAHs and their derivatives was observed, indicating relatively consistent sources. Based on diagnostic ratios, the potential emission sources of soil PACs could be attributed to coal combustion and vehicle emissions, while principal component analysis–multiple linear regression further indicated that primary emissions and secondary formation jointly influenced the PAC content, accounting for 60.4% and 39.6%, respectively. The exposure risk of soil PACs was dominated by 16 priority control PAHs; the non-priority PAHs’ contribution to the exposure risk was only 6.4%.

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“…The high BaP concentration in particle matter could pose a health risk to public health and exhibit ecological toxicological effects on the ecosystem [9,10]. It is estimated that the inhalation of particulate BaP ranging from 1.1 to 14.3 ng m −3 could lead to an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) as high as 3.1 × 10 −5 , greater than the recommended safe level (10 −6 ) [8]. The ecological remediation strategy is recommended as a cheap and sustainable environmental protection tool for mitigating PAHs with high toxicity in the ambient environment [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emissions of PAHs in China account for ~20% of the total PAH emissions globally [ 6 ]. In North China, mean levels of particulate BaP (a representative PAH) vary from 1.1 to 14.3 ng m −3 annually, which is higher than the recommended threshold value of 1.0 ng m −3 by the WHO [ 7 , 8 ]. The high BaP concentration in particle matter could pose a health risk to public health and exhibit ecological toxicological effects on the ecosystem [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Transcriptome Analysis on the Leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. under Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Tian

Liu

et al. 2023

Toxics

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The leaves of plants can be recommended as a cheap and sustainable environmental protection tool to mitigate PAHs with high toxicity in the ambient environment because they can serve as a reactor to remove ambient PAHs. Although previous studies have demonstrated that PAHs exhibit toxicological features, our knowledge about how ambient PAHs influence the leaves of plants is limited regarding the leaves of plants reducing ambient PAHs as a reactor. In this study, 1-year-old Rosa chinensis Jacq. with good growth potential was selected as a model plant. The leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to 16 types of PAHs in the environmental concentration exposure group (0.1 μg L−1) and high-concentration exposure group (5 μg L−1) for seven days. In comparison, the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to de-ionized water and were chosen as the control group. During the exposure periods, the physiological parameters of leaves including, chlorophyll value, water content, temperature and nitrogen, were monitored using a chlorophyll meter. After 7 days of exposure, the leaves in the control and exposure groups were collected and used for whole-transcriptome analysis. Our results demonstrate that significant differentially expressed genes were observed in the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. exposed to individual PAHs at 5 μg L−1 compared to the control group. These differentially expressed genes were involved in seven main pathways using bioinformatic analyses. In contrast, the levels of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations had negligible impacts on the physiological parameters and the gene transcription levels of the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. Our results may provide direct evidence to remove ambient PAHs using terrestrial trees without considering the risk of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations on the leaves of terrestrial plants.

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Improving regulations on residential emissions and non-criteria hazardous contaminants—Insights from a field campaign on ambient PM and PAHs in North China Plain

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) in Soils of a Coking Plant

Whole-Transcriptome Analysis on the Leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. under Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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