Improving stability of torrefied biomass at cooling stage

Kutlu, Ozben; Koçar, Günnur

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.054

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 43 publications

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“…Typical optimization entails keeping other fixed conditions constant while changing one condition simultaneously. However, this strategy requires multiple runs (23). Additionally, because it is one-dimensional, this approach frequently does not ensure the identification of ideal conditions (24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner Production of Isopropyl Laurate using Lipase Catalyzed Esterification: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Mustafa

2023

MSA Engineering Journal

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This work aims to produce a common emollient ester isopropyl laurate (IPL) in a solvent-free system. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and lauric acid (LA) were esterified in a closed batch reactor, employing immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Response surface methodology was based on a five-levels, three variables composite design was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The interactive effect of three different parameters on isopropyl laurate (IPL) synthesis was studied. The following conditions' ranges were considered: molecular sieves of 1%-10% (w/w), IPA-to-LA molar ratios of 3:1-15:1, and enzyme load of 1%-4% (w/w). As a result of the optimization study, the optimum conditions were 4% w/w of Novozym 435, 15:1 IPA: LA molar ratio, and 10% w/w molecular sieves at 150 RPM, 60°C and for 2.5 h. The RSM study showed that the maximum predicted and experimental conversion values were 90.75 and 91%, respectively. It is worth mentioning that Novozyme 435 demonstrated superior operational stability, where it was used for 15 cycles without significant denaturation. The clean nature of the proposed method and the proven operational stability of Novozym 435 reveal this approach's technical and economic feasibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner Production of Isopropyl Laurate using Lipase Catalyzed Esterification: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Mustafa

2023

MSA Engineering Journal

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Cleaner and sustainable synthesis of high-quality monoglycerides by use of enzyme technologies: techno-economic and environmental study for monolaurin

Mustafa

Fathy

Kutlu

et al. 2023

Clean Techn Environ Policy

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Currently, monoglycerides (MG) are produced using a complicated energy-intensive technology that contributes negatively toward greenhouse gas mitigation. This work suggests a cleaner and simpler one-step enzymatic production of α-monolaurin in an inert membrane reactor, where the reaction and enzyme separation are conducted simultaneously in one unit. Candida antarctica lipase (Lipozyme 435) was used to catalyze the esterification reaction between lauric acid and glycerin in a solvent-free system under mild temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The optimal conditions were a molecular sieve of 14.85% w/w, a temperature of 56.95 °C, an enzyme amount of 5.38% w/w, and a molar ratio of 4.75% w/w. The gas chromatography (GC) analysis showed that the α-monolaurin percentage was 49.5% when the enzymatic process (ENZ) was used. The conventional chemical (CHEM) and autocatalytic (AUT) esterification methods were also performed to study their proportional MG yields. The GC results showed the MG percentages of 43.9 and 41.7% for CHEM and AUT, respectively. Economic analysis was also conducted for the suggested enzymatic technique, and the findings were compared with those of the CHEM and AUT technologies. Using a plant capacity of 4950 t/year and 11% interest for the proposed ENZ process, the total capital investment of α-monolaurin production was preferably four times less than that of the CHEM process and three times less than that of the AUT method, presenting investment possibilities. However, the ENZ process showed the least profitability (net profit per day) among the three processes. Nevertheless, the return on investment and net present value for the ENZ process were preferably higher than those of CHEM and AUT because of its interestingly lower inside battery limit plant cost and less energy consumption. The AUT/CHEM processes generated a total carbon dioxide (CO2) exhaust of 678.7 t CO2 eq./year. In contrast, the ENZ process exhausted a total CO2 of only 50 t CO2 eq./year. The present integrated techno-economic and environmental study of α-monolaurin production emphasizes the green and cost benefits of the proposed ENZ technology. Graphical Abstract

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Green synthesis of isopropyl palmitate using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase: Process optimization using response surface methodology

Mustafa

Niikura

2022

Cleaner Engineering and Technology

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Improving stability of torrefied biomass at cooling stage

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Cleaner Production of Isopropyl Laurate using Lipase Catalyzed Esterification: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Cleaner Production of Isopropyl Laurate using Lipase Catalyzed Esterification: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology

Cleaner and sustainable synthesis of high-quality monoglycerides by use of enzyme technologies: techno-economic and environmental study for monolaurin

Green synthesis of isopropyl palmitate using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase: Process optimization using response surface methodology

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