“…PBL is often assessed in its potential in various previous studies. However, various studies more often examine the effect of PBL on students' thinking skills (Anugraheni, 2018;Asyari, Muhdhar, Susilo, & Ibrahim, 2016;El-Shaer & Gaber, 2014;Ramdiah, Abidinsyah, & Mayasari, 2018), metacognition (Gholami et al, 2016;Kuvac & Koc, 2019), literacy (Febriasari & Supriatna, 2017;Shultz & Li, 2016;Suwono, Pratiwi, Susanto, & Susilo, 2017), learning outcomes (Nursa'ban, Masykuri, & Yamtinah, 2019;Yew & Goh, 2016), learning motivation (Argaw, Haile, Ayalew, & Kuma, 2017;Koçakoǧlu, Türkmen, & Solak, 2010;Thakur & Dutt, 2017), or attitudes (Demirel, 2016;Kuvac & Koc, 2018;Veli, 2014) . In fact, UEC is also a competency that needs to be optimally empowered, especially the increasingly critical environmental conditions at this time.…”