Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes—a review

Nagl, Andreas; Hemelaar, Simon R.; Schirhagl, Romana

doi:10.1007/s00216-015-8849-1

Cited by 98 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…However, the variability of the properties of individual particles within a given batch and how these relate to ensemble properties of FNDs dispersed in water has not been systematically investigated. Yet, for many applications a thorough understanding of these parameters is critical for the development of emerging technologies based on fluorescent nanodiamonds …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not All Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Are Created Equal: A Comparative Study

Reineck

Trindade

Havlík

et al. 2019

Part & Part Syst Charact

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Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are vital to many emerging nanotechnological applications, from bioimaging and sensing to quantum nanophotonics. Yet, understanding and engineering the properties of fluorescent defects in nanodiamonds remain challenging. The most comprehensive study to date is presented, of the optical and physical properties of five different nanodiamond samples, in which fluorescent nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers are created using different fabrication techniques. The FNDs' fluorescence spectra, lifetime, and spin relaxation time (T1) are investigated via single‐particle confocal fluorescence microscopy and in ensemble measurements in solution (T1 excepted). Particle sizes and shapes are determined using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with the optical results. Statistical tests are used to explore correlations between the properties of individual particles and also analyze average results to directly compare different fabrication techniques. Spectral unmixing is used to quantify the relative NV charge‐state (NV− and NV0) contributions to the overall fluorescence. A strong variation is found and quantified in the properties of individual particles within all analyzed samples and significant differences between the different particle types. This study is an important contribution toward understanding the properties of NV centers in nanodiamonds. It motivates new approaches to the improved engineering of NV‐containing nanodiamonds for future applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not All Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Are Created Equal: A Comparative Study

Reineck

Trindade

Havlík

et al. 2019

Part & Part Syst Charact

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“…Several different aspects of nanodiamonds and their applications have already been reviewed: magnetometry, surface chemistry, the physics of defects, tracking or imaging, drug delivery, or a combination of several applications . There are a few recent articles about bioapplications of diamonds, but they do not specifically focus on cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells

Chipaux

Laan

Hemelaar

et al. 2018

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Diamonds owe their fame to a unique set of outstanding properties. They combine a high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, and low electrical but high thermal conductivity. Diamond defects have recently attracted a lot of attention. Given this unique list of properties, it is not surprising that diamond nanoparticles are utilized for numerous applications. Due to their hardness, they are routinely used as abrasives. Their small and uniform size qualifies them as attractive carriers for drug delivery. The stable fluorescence of diamond defects allows their use as stable single photon sources or biolabels. The magnetic properties of the defects make them stable spin qubits in quantum information. This property also allows their use as a sensor for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. This Review focuses on applications in cells. Different diamond materials and the special requirements for the respective applications are discussed. Methods to chemically modify the surface of diamonds and the different hurdles one has to overcome when working with cells, such as entering the cells and biocompatibility, are described. Finally, the recent developments and applications in labeling, sensing, drug delivery, theranostics, antibiotics, and tissue engineering are critically discussed.

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“…These fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are also bio-compatible 12, 13 and can be internalized in cells 14–18 . Further interest in the FNDs stems from the fact that they can be used as local sensors of magnetic 19 or electric fields 20 , temperature 21 , or strain 22 , which could enable multi-parameter correlative microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds as multi-purpose labels for microscopy

Hemelaar

Boer

Chipaux

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Nanodiamonds containing fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy centers are increasingly attracting interest for use as a probe in biological microscopy. This interest stems from (i) strong resistance to photobleaching allowing prolonged fluorescence observation times; (ii) the possibility to excite fluorescence using a focused electron beam (cathodoluminescence; CL) for high-resolution localization; and (iii) the potential use for nanoscale sensing. For all these schemes, the development of versatile molecular labeling using relatively small diamonds is essential. Here, we show the direct targeting of a biological molecule with nanodiamonds as small as 70 nm using a streptavidin conjugation and standard antibody labelling approach. We also show internalization of 40 nm sized nanodiamonds. The fluorescence from the nanodiamonds survives osmium-fixation and plastic embedding making them suited for correlative light and electron microscopy. We show that CL can be observed from epon-embedded nanodiamonds, while surface-exposed nanoparticles also stand out in secondary electron (SE) signal due to the exceptionally high diamond SE yield. Finally, we demonstrate the magnetic read-out using fluorescence from diamonds prior to embedding. Thus, our results firmly establish nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy centers as unique, versatile probes for combining and correlating different types of microscopy, from fluorescence imaging and magnetometry to ultrastructural investigation using electron microscopy.

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Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes—a review

Cited by 98 publications

References 188 publications

Not All Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Are Created Equal: A Comparative Study

Not All Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Are Created Equal: A Comparative Study

Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells

Nanodiamonds as multi-purpose labels for microscopy

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