Improving the Air Resistance of the Precursor Solution for Ambient-Air Coating of an Sn–Pb Perovskite Film with Superior Photovoltaic Performance

Abstract

Owing to narrow band gap and low toxicity, tin− lead (Sn−Pb) hybrid perovskites have shown great potential in photovoltaic applications, and the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of Sn−Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has recently reached 23.6%. However, it is still challenging to prepare Sn−Pb films in open-air condition due to the Sn 2+ oxidation of the precursor solution under this condition. In this work, we report the stabilizing of the Sn−Pb perovskite precursor solution by using ionic liquid methylammonium acetate (MAAc) as the solvent, which enables the fabrication of Sn−Pb films in air. MAAc is found to coordinate with the Sn−Pb precursor via abundant hydrogen bonding, which stabilizes the colloids and protects the Sn 2+ stability in the precursor solution in air. Therefore, the durability of the Sn− Pb precursor solution based on the MAAc solvent is greatly improved, which enables the fabrication of efficient PSCs and achieves a champion PCE of ∼16% with robust device stability. Moreover, due to the chemical interactions of MAAc with Sn−Pb perovskites, the Pb leakage is also suppressed in the MAAc-based Sn−Pb PSCs. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for reliable fabrication of Sn−Pb PSCs, which could also be applied in many other optoelectronic devices.

The nonhalides in perovskite solar cells

“…Lv et al further used MAAc in the Sn-Pb perovskite precursor. 93 The strong hydrogen bonding between MAI and MAAc can not only stabilize the perovskite lattice but also increase the viscosity and solubility of the solute in the solution.…”

Recycling Useful Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Sustainable Development

“…As a substitute for Pb in perovskite, tin (Sn) is less toxic. [100][101][102][103] But toxic hazards may also occur when with long-term exposure to Sn contaminated surroundings. [13] Although researchers have made great efforts to develop Sn-based PSCs, the performance of Sn-based PSCs cannot compete with their Pb-based counterparts.…”

Pernicious effects and management of lead leakage from perovskite solar cells

“…The methods described above are all based on polymer implantations, and they mostly utilize chelating or coordination interactions to sequestrate Pb ions. Several other teams [108][109][110][111][112] implanted organic molecules into perovskite lms, some of which formed a water-insoluble complex to separate lead from water. 108,109,111 Li et al 110 elaborately synthesized a functional molecule, 4-[(triuoromethyl)sulphanyl]-aniline (4TA, Fig.…”