Improving the Electrode Performance of Ge through Ge@C Core–Shell Nanoparticles and Graphene Networks

Xue, Desheng; Xin, Sen; Yang, Yan; Jiang, Kecheng; Yin, Ya‐Xia; Guo, Yu‐Guo; Li, Wan

doi:10.1021/ja211266m

Cited by 436 publications

(444 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition, Germanium (Ge) has been intensively studied recently due to its 400 times faster lithium diffusivity and 104 times higher electrical conductivity than the commonly and widely studied silicon [18][19][20]. This makes it a promising candidate for composites with SWCNTs for use as a flexible anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Wang

Sun

et al. 2014

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Paper-like free-standing germanium (Ge) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite anodes were synthesized by the vacuum filtration of Ge/SWCNT composites, which were prepared by a facile aqueous-based method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ge/ SWCNT composite paper anode with the weight percentage of 32% Ge delivered a specific discharge capacity of 417 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 25 mA g−1, 117% higher than the pure SWCNT paper anode. The SWCNTs not only function as a flexible mechanical support for strain release, but also provide excellent electrically conducting channels, while the nanosized Ge particles contribute to improving the discharge capacity of the paper anode. Paper-like free-standing germanium (Ge) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite anodes were synthesized by the vacuum filtration of Ge/SWCNT composites, which were prepared by a facile aqueous-based method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ge/SWCNT composite paper anode with the weight percentage of 32% Ge delivered a specific discharge capacity of 417 mAh g -1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 25 mA g -1 , 117% higher than the pure SWCNT paper anode. The SWCNTs not only function as a flexible mechanical support for strain release, but also provide excellent electrically conducting channels, while the nanosized Ge contributes to improving the discharge capacity of the paper anode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Wang

Sun

et al. 2014

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…Some progression on composite anodes based on graphene and germanium (i.e., alloy material), MFe 2 O 4 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) and M x S y (M = Sn, Sb, In) were reported in 2012. Different amounts of RGO were combined with carbon-coated [ 181,182 ] or uncoated [ 183,184 ] Ge nanoparticles and tested as anode material. Although a large 1 st cycle irreversibility was present in most of the cases, the quite stable cycling behavior and the reasonably low delithiation voltage, with a plateau at about 0.…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

et al. 2016

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that its extraordinary properties would enable revolutionary new technologies, which gave birth to the "graphene era". [ 3,4 ] Relying on this scenario, in 2013, the European Union launched the ¤1 billion "Graphene Flagship" project aimed to investigate the properties of this new form of carbon for various applications (e.g., electronics, sensors and energy storage devices), with the ambitious goal of guiding graphene from laboratories to commercial applications within a decade. [ 5,6 ] In the same period, the Chinese Government set up a similar investment to mass-produce graphene as thin fi lms (e.g., for touchscreen electrodes) and platelets (e.g., for use in batteries). [ 6 ] In the following years, hundreds of patents, mainly focused on manufacturing and application in energy storage, were fi led and the worldwide production of graphene and graphene-containing materials rapidly increased. Although a few Chinese industries claimed to already use graphene-containing materials for smartphone production, no revolutionary practical application relying on graphene has been yet developed. [ 6 ] Specifi cally with respect to the battery fi eld, a close analysis of the scientifi c literature reveals a struggle to meet the ambitious initial targets. A potential loss of focus from the fi nal application caused by hype and ease of publication on such a novel matter, together with the delivery of very misleading information [ 7,8 ] and erroneous statements [ 7 ] concerning the use of graphene in batteries are emerging as possible reasons of the ineffective graphene-era outburst. In this progress report, we do not focus on production and classifi cation of graphene and graphene-containing materials, which were already well reported in the past years. [ 3,[9][10][11] In contrast, due to the lack of an exhaustive analysis of the progression of the use of such materials in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, we report here a critical evaluation of the most prominent research papers published from 2008 until the end of 2015. As shown in Figure 1 , three different stages of the graphene research in LIB anodes can be distinguished: a fi rst stationary phase between 2008 and 2010 where the lithium-ion storage properties of different graphene and graphene-containing materials were preliminarily explored, a second exponential stage, spanning from 2010 to 2014, where graphene and graphene-containing anode materials were broadly developed and investigated, and fi nally, a third phase, (i.e., starting from 2015), where the research seems to have approached a plateau. After Used as a bare active material or component in hybrids, graphene has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Indeed, from the fi rst report that appeared in late July 2008, almost 1600 papers were published as of the end 2015 that investigated the properties of graphene as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Although an impressive amount of data has been collected, a real advance in the fi eld still seems to be missing. In this framework, atten...

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“…Ge, Ge-porous Carbon, Ge-CNT, and Ge-CNF Composites Another approach to improve the reversibility of LIB anodes based on Ge is the use of carbon coating and porous carbon to act as structural buffers during Li insertion/deinsertion, which was demonstrated by a significant number of reports [74,[80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. For example, a recent study reported a facile method to produce Ge/carbon nanostructures by carbon coating and reduction of the Ge oxide precursor, forming two different self-assembled nanostructures; clustered and non-clustered structures [82], as shown in Figure 5(b).…”

Section: Carbon Coatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Ocon¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Applied Chemistry for Engineering

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology among electrochemical energy storage and conversion cells, and are still considered the most attractive class of battery in the future due to their high specific energy density, high efficiency, and long cycle life. Rapid development of power-hungry commercial electronics and large-scale energy storage applications (e.g. off-peak electrical energy storage), however, requires novel anode materials that have higher energy densities to replace conventional graphite electrodes. Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are thought to be ideal prospect candidates for next generation LIB anodes due to their extremely high theoretical energy capacities. For instance, Ge offers relatively lower volume change during cycling, better Li insertion/extraction kinetics, and higher electronic conductivity than Si. In this focused review, we briefly describe the basic concepts of LIBs and then look at the characteristics of ideal anode materials that can provide greatly improved electrochemical performance, including high capacity, better cycling behavior, and rate capability. We then discuss how, in the future, Ge anode materials (Ge and Ge oxides, Ge-carbon composites, and other Ge-based composites) could increase the capacity of today's Li batteries. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to fulfill the requirements of excellent anode materials, especially using these materials at the nanoscale. This article shall serve as a handy reference, as well as starting point, for future research related to high capacity LIB anodes, especially based on semiconductor Ge and Si.

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Improving the Electrode Performance of Ge through Ge@C Core–Shell Nanoparticles and Graphene Networks

Cited by 436 publications

References 36 publications

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

A germanium/single-walled carbon nanotube composite paper as a free-standing anode for lithium-ion batteries

Critical Insight into the Relentless Progression Toward Graphene and Graphene‐Containing Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

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