“…Some women, such as Italian, Irish, Greek, and Eastern European Jewish and Christian immigrants who were participants in WTUL or the National Consumers League, were not thought of as White in the first decade of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, they were categorized as being innately different from and superior to Black people in the racist hierarchy of eugenists’ pseudoscience that permeated popular culture, journalism, government, law, medicine, social work, and academia in the period under discussion (Grant & Mislan, 2020; Kevles, 1985; Leonard, 2016).…”