“…For the above reasons and sustainable development, overlay welding has been widely used in industry to extend the lifetime of the worn-out parts, and/or to protect the wear of machine parts such as valve seat ring [1], chisel ploughshare [2], excavator teeth [3,4], pipeline valve [5], crane wheel [6,7], turbine blade [8], railway wheels [9,10], etc. Plasma transfer arc welding, gas metal arc welding, laser beam welding, and submerged arc welding are used for overlay welding [11].…”