Improving the throwing power of acidic zinc sulfate electroplating baths

Ibrahim, Magdy A. M.

doi:10.1002/1097-4660(200008)75:8<745::aid-jctb274>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although, the zinc electrodeposition is well recognized, the kinetic parameters related to this are unclear yet. Some reports in the literature indicate that the zinc electrodeposition is fast and autocatalytic controlled by an electronic transfer charge [18,20,21], other reports suggest a diffusion control [14,22,23]. However, only few works report the nucleation parameters associated with zinc electrodeposition, especially on carbon substrates [18,22,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Electrodeposition from Chloride Solutions onto Glassy Carbon Electrode

2019

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An electrochemical study of zinc deposition was carried out in baths containing 0.5 M ZnCl2 and 0.4 M H3BO3. From the voltammetric study it was found that, in our experimental conditions, zinc electrodeposition is quasi-reversible and occurs under charge transfer control. The average coefficient diffusion calculated was D = 7.14 × 10-6 cm2s-1 while the standard constant at electrode charge was 8.78 × 10-3 cms-1. The nucleation and growth parameters determined from the potentiostatic study showed that, at bigger overpotentials, a vertical growth is favored, suggesting a dendritic growth. The critical cluster´s size calculated was 2, indicating that each active site is formed by two zinc atoms on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, while the ΔG for the formation of stable nucleus was 1.35 × 10-20 J/nuclei. The Scanning Electron Microscopy images showed thin platelets of hexagonal crystals and dendrites at lower and higher overpotentials applied, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Electrodeposition from Chloride Solutions onto Glassy Carbon Electrode

2019

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“…Because Zn has a large overpotential for H 2 evolution in aqueous electrolytes, the HER is not as problematic as the values indicate [ 106 ], which could be described by the Tafel equation as follows [ 107 ]. η = b logi + a where η is the H 2 evolution overpotential, i is the current density, b is the Tafel slope constant, and a is the overpotential when the current density i is equal to the unit current density.…”

Section: Drawbacks Of Zn Metal Anodes In Mildly Acidic Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zn Metal Anodes for Zn-Ion Batteries in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes: Challenges and Strategies

2021

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Over the past few years, rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries have garnered significant interest as potential alternatives for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, high theoretical capacity, low redox potential, and environmentally friendliness. However, several constraints associated with Zn metal anodes, such as the growth of Zn dendrites, occurrence of side reactions, and hydrogen evolution during repeated stripping/plating processes result in poor cycling life and low Coulombic efficiency, which severely impede further advancements in this technology. Despite recent efforts and impressive breakthroughs, the origin of these fundamental obstacles remains unclear and no successful strategy that can address these issues has been developed yet to realize the practical applications of rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries. In this review, we have discussed various issues associated with the use of Zn metal anodes in mildly acidic aqueous electrolytes. Various strategies, including the shielding of the Zn surface, regulating the Zn deposition behavior, creating a uniform electric field, and controlling the surface energy of Zn metal anodes to repress the growth of Zn dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions, proposed to overcome the limitations of Zn metal anodes have also been discussed. Finally, the future perspectives of Zn anodes and possible design strategies for developing highly stable Zn anodes in mildly acidic aqueous environments have been discussed.

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“…The throwing power of an electrolyte relates to its polarisation characteristics [194], which relate to how ions in the solution respond to an applied potential. This can be affected by factors such as the conductivity of the electrolyte [195,196], or the viscosity of the solution [197]. The choice and concentration of zinc salt, solution pH, temperature, and any additional salts and additives can all have an influence on the throwing power [193,196,198].…”

Section: The Relevance Of Throwing Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can be affected by factors such as the conductivity of the electrolyte [195,196], or the viscosity of the solution [197]. The choice and concentration of zinc salt, solution pH, temperature, and any additional salts and additives can all have an influence on the throwing power [193,196,198].…”

Section: The Relevance Of Throwing Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication of CZTS Solar Cells Using Electrodeposition Techniques

Riches¹

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Copper zinc tin sulphide (CZTS) is a p-type semiconductor that can be used as the light absorbing layer in thin-film heterojunction solar cells, with the specific advantage of being comprised only of non-toxic, earth abundant elements. There are many methods through which CZTS can by synthesised, one of which is electrodeposition, which is an industrially scalable process used extensively in the steel industry. This thesis details a study of the electrodeposition of stacked elemental layers and their subsequent sulphurisation in the manufacture of CZTS. A range of electrodeposition parameters are tested for each elemental layer, each of which is characterised through a range of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which enables the development of optimised conditions. It was found that the deposition of copper favoured potentiostatic deposition, with a smooth granular structure being deposited onto molybdenum at -0.98V vs Hg|HgO from a sodium hydroxide based electrolyte, while tin required galvanostatic deposition from a methanesulfonic acid electrolyte in order to return consistent results. This was optimised to an initial high current density period of -20 mA cm-2 for 1.2 s to nucleate grains, falling to -5 mA cm-2 to minimise hydrogen evolution thereafter. Trial of numerous electrolyte formulae found that an acid-sulphate electrolyte gave the most promising results, with galvanostatic deposition at -50 mA cm-2 being found to be suitable. Optimised stacked elemental layer precursors are then progressed to the annealing and sulphurisation stage for conversion into CZTS. One key area of study is the inclusion of a pre-alloying annealing step prior to sulphurisation, and its effect on the morphology of the CZTS films and subsequent solar cell device performance. Pre-alloyed metallic films are extensively characterised by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and EDS elemental mapping as part of an optimisation process, and Raman spectroscopy is used in conjunction with XRD and EDS in the analysis of CZTS films sulphurised in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) furnace. A pre-alloying step at 300 °C for 10 minutes was found to be sufficient for the deposited elements to fully intermix. It was discovered that not only does the inclusion of an optimised pre-alloying step improve the morphology of the CZTS films and the subsequent solar cell performance, but the integration of a pre-alloying stage with the sulphurisation in a single furnace operation does not lead to any evidence of disadvantage when compared with pre-alloying and sulphurisation processes conducted separately. In fact, 8 out of 45 cells with an integrated pre-alloying process achieved 0.1% efficiency or greater, compared to 5 out of 45 for those that underwent a separate pre-alloying process, and 0 out of 45 for those that received no pre-alloying process. This positive result for the integration of the pre-alloy offers simplification of the manufacturing process for a potential future scaled-up CZTS solar cell device.

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Improving the throwing power of acidic zinc sulfate electroplating baths

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Zinc Electrodeposition from Chloride Solutions onto Glassy Carbon Electrode

Zinc Electrodeposition from Chloride Solutions onto Glassy Carbon Electrode

Zn Metal Anodes for Zn-Ion Batteries in Mild Aqueous Electrolytes: Challenges and Strategies

Fabrication of CZTS Solar Cells Using Electrodeposition Techniques

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