Improving Vascularization of Biomaterials for Skin and Bone Regeneration by Surface Modification: A Narrative Review on Experimental Research

Abstract

Artificial tissue substitutes are of great interest for the reconstruction of destroyed and non-functional skin or bone tissue due to its scarcity. Biomaterials used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration are non-vascularized synthetic tissues and often based on polymers, which need ingrowth of new blood vessels to ensure nutrition and metabolism. This review summarizes previous approaches and highlights advances in vascularization strategies after implantation of surface-modified biomaterials for skin and bone tissue regeneration. The efficient integration of biomaterial, bioactive coating with endogenous degradable matrix proteins, physiochemical modifications, or surface geometry changes represents promising approaches. The results show that the induction of angiogenesis in the implant site as well as the vascularization of biomaterials can be influenced by specific surface modifications. The neovascularization of a biomaterial can be supported by the application of pro-angiogenic substances as well as by biomimetic surface coatings and physical or chemical surface activations. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the geometric properties of the three-dimensional biomaterial matrix play a central role, as they guide or even enable the ingrowth of blood vessels into a biomaterial.

3D-printed placental-derived bioinks for skin tissue regeneration with improved angiogenesis and wound healing properties

“…Over the years, engineered skin replacements have been used as a new tool to treat deep wounds. Along these lines, the main challenge has always been to restore the angiogenic potential that is severely affected in deep wounds [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ]. As we speak, no skin alternatives in the market can promote collagen production, cell proliferation, and especially angiogenesis while reducing infection.…”

Tissue Regeneration with Gelatine/Polysaccharide Derived Hydrogel Scaffolds: From Formulation to In Vivo Efficacy

“…To explore the potential applicability of the hydrogels in other medical scenarios that require angiogenesis, we used a subcutaneous implantation model in rats to evaluate tissue integration with hydrogel and neovascularisation [ 29 ]. This model could also reveal the foreign-body reaction and in vivo biocompatibility of the hydrogels.…”

Tissue Bioengineering with Fibrin Scaffolds and Deproteinized Bone Matrix Associated or Not with the Transoperative Laser Photobiomodulation Protocol

“…Regarding the variable BV, at 14 days, it showed the highest means in PHF and PHF L compared to the others (10.45 ± 3.31 and 9.94 ± 1.51 vs. 4.51 ± 1.25, p < 0.05). According to preliminary evidence, the granular configuration of the xenogenic biomaterial associated with the three-dimensional conformation of the fibrin mesh may have contributed to a greater biomimetic surface area, initially facilitating microvascular penetration, adsorption of bioactive molecules and cellularization of autologous tissue [ 58 ].…”