Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective

Hofmann, Wilhelm; Friese, Malte; Strack, Fritz

doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x

Cited by 1,164 publications

(1,154 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(180 reference statements)

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“…Considering the functional integration of negative affect and cognitive control, it is noticeable that our view deviates from established views that hot, emotional processes have an antagonistic relationship with colder cognition (Baumeister & Heatherton, 1996;Heatherton & Wagner, 2011;Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009;Iordan, Dolcos, & Dolcos, 2013;Kahneman, 2011;Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999). From this, the obvious question arises: How can different models of control provide such opposing roles for affect?…”

Section: Anxiety Acceptance and Improving Cognitive Controlmentioning

confidence: 38%

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Saunders

Lin

Milyavskaya

et al. 2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict-particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex-track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.Keywords: emotion; cognitive control; motivation; event-related potentials; negative affect; medial prefrontal cortex;The Emotive Nature of Conflict 3 The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortexMonitoring performance for goal conflicting thoughts, feelings, and behaviours underlies flexible responding in complex, unpredictable environments. During smoking cessation, for example, quickly detecting impulses (e.g., the desire to smoke) or actions (e.g., picking up a cigarette) that conflict with the goal to quit can signal the need to control behaviour, safeguarding goal progress. Beyond unwanted temptations, conflict is evoked across diverse explanatory frameworks, ranging from high-level dissonant states that emerge when individual's hold multiple inconsistent ideologies, to seemingly lower-level conflicts that occur when stimulus dimensions cue mutually incompatible responses (e.g., Stroop conflict).Underscoring the theoretical ubiquity of conflict, detecting and overcoming some internal conflict or discord is fundamental to multiple seminal perspectives in western philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience (e.g

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Section: Anxiety Acceptance and Improving Cognitive Controlmentioning

confidence: 38%

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Saunders

Lin

Milyavskaya

et al. 2017

International Journal of Psychophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Psychology as a discipline has focused mostly on factors that affect the ability of reasoned conclusions to control passionate ones (Hofmann, Friese, & Strack, 2009 ). For example, children's ability to forgo a small, immediate reward in favor of a larger, delayed reward has been shown to depend on various factors, including opportunity to pay attention to the immediate reward and thinking happy or sad thoughts (Mischel, Ebbesen, & Raskoff, 1972 ).…”

Section: Theories Of Impulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Human Behavior

Krishna

Strack

2017

Knowledge and Space

Self Cite

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“…This ability to inhibit, override, or to otherwise circumvent responses that are motivated by short-term rewards at the expense of long-term benefits is commonly referred to as self-control (Casey 2015;Fujita 2011;Hofmann et al 2009;Mischel et al 1989;Reynolds and McCrea 2016;Vohs and Heatherton 2000). Despite such a capacity for self-regulation, there are numerous examples in everyday life in which self-control fails.…”

Section: Self-control and Ego Depletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do they Aggress Earlier? Investigating the Effects of Ego Depletion on Police Officers’ Use of Force Behavior

Staller

Christiansen

Zaiser

et al. 2017

J Police Crim Psych

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Endowed with the state monopoly on the legitimate use of even potentially lethal force, it is intolerable for police officers to act outside the governing legal and ethical framework. At the same time, officers are expected to exert self-control and refrain from excessive use of force when they deal with provocative and perilous situations. This study sought to investigate corresponding selfcontrol and self-control failures through the role of ego depletion in the decision to use force by police officers. Two experiments were conducted using officers from a German State Police force, requiring the participants to use force against a provocative role player. Experiment 1 found that the ego depletion measure failed and there were no differences between the groups. Using a different ego depletion method, experiment 2 found that ego-depleted participants aggressed earlier than controls. These results indicate that circumstances that produce ego depletion could lead to the inappropriate use of force through reducing self-control. This has major implications for the police use of force and how we understand police officers' decision-making in response to provocation.

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Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective

Cited by 1,164 publications

References 121 publications

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Reflection and Impulse as Determinants of Human Behavior

Do they Aggress Earlier? Investigating the Effects of Ego Depletion on Police Officers’ Use of Force Behavior

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