Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. A Brief and Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Impulse control and related disorders (ICDs-RD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders that involve pleasurable behaviors performed repetitively, excessively, and compulsively. The key common symptom in all these disorders is the failure to resist an impulse or temptation to control an act or specific behavior, which is ultimately harmful to oneself or others and interferes in major areas of life. The major symptoms of ICDs include pathological gambling (PG), hypersexualtiy (HS), compulsive buying/shopping (CB) and binge eating (BE) functioning. ICDs and ICDs-RD have been included in the behavioral spectrum of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) leading, in some cases, to serious financial, legal and psychosocial devastating consequences. Herein we present the prevalence of ICDs, the risk factors, its pathophysiological mechanisms, the link with agonist dopaminergic therapies and therapeutic managements.

Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: What Do We Know About the Role of Dopaminergic and Non-dopaminergic Systems?

“…To date, there is no available treatment for ICDs (Gatto and Aldinio, 2019). One clinical trial should recruit PD patients soon.…”

Update on the Management of Parkinson’s Disease for General Neurologists

“…ICDs include pathological gambling, compulsive buying, hypersexual disorders, or binge eating, and ICD-related disorders such as DDS, punding, compulsive hoarding, or aimless wandering [25]. ese disorders have been associated to various drugs, including levodopa, amantadine, and rasagiline.…”

“…ese disorders have been associated to various drugs, including levodopa, amantadine, and rasagiline. Intake of dopamine agonists has been reported as a major risk factor for developing ICDs [25,26], but it remains unclear whether long-acting agonists and nonoral formulations may reduce the risk [27], nor association with DA dose, treatment duration, or peak dose has been established [25,26]. At any rate, prevalence of ICDs increases over time in PD.…”

“…At any rate, prevalence of ICDs increases over time in PD. It has been described that early onset of PD and presence of motor complications may be associated to higher risk of ICDs [25,26].…”

Naltrexone Use in Treating Hypersexuality Induced by Dopamine Replacement Therapy: Impact of OPRM1 A/G Polymorphism on Its Effectiveness

“…Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are frequently found in patients treated for Parkinson's disease (PD), and are now known to be a relatively frequent side effect of dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) [1,2]. ICDs include different impulsive behaviors, such as pathological gambling, hypersexuality, binge eating, or compulsive shopping [3][4][5].…”