In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers

Rozenek, Emil Bartosz; Górska, Monika; Wilczyńska, Karolina; Waszkiewicz, Napoleon

doi:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3298

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Depending on the availability of such drugs in different countries, the prevalence of psychostimulant medicines varies greatly [ 33 ]. Whereas the use of modafinil or methylphenidate was often the main or additional aim of the studies and also described in reviews [ 45 , 46 ], the use of piracetam, which in Poland is relatively easy to buy, when compared with the two other drugs, is not often the purpose of the experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Medical Universities Students Use Cognitive Enhancers while Learning?—Conclusions from the Study in Poland

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Drymluch

et al. 2023

Life

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Background: Stress and everyday problems may impact memory and cognition. Therefore, many people use cognitive enhancers (CEs), sold for prescription, as over-the-counter drugs, or dietary supplements, believing they may help with everyday functioning. Our study was designed to answer whether taking CEs is common among Medical University students and to identify which substances are mainly used. Methods and Results: An anonymous online questionnaire was answered by 479 students of Medical (88%) and Dentistry (12%) Faculties in Poland. Women constituted the majority of respondents (63%). CEs were used by 53% of respondents, with the most frequent being caffeine, ginseng, nicotine, theanine, ginkgo, and lecithin. Some persons used CEs that are available only with a prescription. The most important reasons for the use of CEs were to increase arousal and improve concentration (mentioned by 81% and 73%, respectively). Over 65% of students experienced some undesired/adverse effects after taking CEs, with tachycardia being the most common, followed by sleep disturbances (reported by 51% and 40%, respectively). Conclusions: More than half of the respondents from the Medical and Dentistry Faculties reported using CEs, despite their unproven efficacy and not-well-established safety. This raises significant concern about the knowledge of young persons regarding CEs and should encourage universities to undertake educational actions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Medical Universities Students Use Cognitive Enhancers while Learning?—Conclusions from the Study in Poland

Merwid-Ląd

Passon

Drymluch

et al. 2023

Life

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“…Rozenek et al 21 stated that in the Yerkes-Dodson curve, the effect of caffeine has an optimum limit to achieve efficient performance which means that at certain doses of caffeine the effect will increase at a certain point, then the effect will again decrease and these dynamics are influenced by the sensitivity of the subject to caffeine which is determined by genetic factors and the quality of health and the rate of metabolism of caffeine in the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of caffeine in chocolate (Theobroma cacao) on the alveolar bone mineral density in guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) with orthodontic tooth movement

2020

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Background: The benefits of chocolate have attracted significant attention from clinicians, especially the active compound of caffeine on bone metabolism. The bone density significantly affected the rate of tooth movement. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the effect of the dose and the duration of caffeine consumption in chocolate on alveolar bone mineral density in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Forty-eight male guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) aged between 3-4 months and weighing 300-350 grams were divided into four groups (group A control, group B caffeine dose of 2.3 mg, group C caffeine dose of 3.45 mg, and group D caffeine dose of 4.6 mg). An open coil spring was applied to the mandibular inter-incisor with an orthodontic force of 35 grams. Guinea pigs were sacrificed using lethal doses of anaesthetics on days 0, 1, 7, and 14 after an orthodontic appliance installation. Mandibular alveolar bone mineral density in compression sites was analysed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Experiment data results were analysed using two-way ANOVA with a 95% degree of confidence. Results: Caffeine consumption with a dose of 4.6 mg on day 7 had the lowest alveolar bone mineral density and the highest was at a dose of 2.3 mg on day 14, but there were no differences between the dose groups, the duration groups and interactions between both of them (p>0.05). Conclusion: The consumption of caffeine in chocolate did not decrease the bone mineral density in the compression site of orthodontic tooth movement.

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“…Discovered in 1887, amphetamine has notoriously been a drug of abuse over the decades, with its uses varying as a cognitive enhancer, athletics enhancer, treatment for nasal congestion, an antidepressant, a euphoriant and even as an aphrodisiac [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The name amphetamine commonly refers to both enantiomers being (D) dextroamphetamine and (L) levoamphetamine, with D-amphetamine exhibiting a more pronounced effect on the central nervous system (CNS) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Dye Displacement Assay for the Rapid Visual Detection of Amphetamine in Urine

et al. 2020

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The rapid sensing of drug compounds has traditionally relied on antibodies, enzymes and electrochemical reactions. These technologies can frequently produce false positives/negatives and require specific conditions to operate. Akin to antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a more robust synthetic alternative with the ability to bind a target molecule with an affinity comparable to that of its natural counterparts. With this in mind, the research presented in this article introduces a facile MIP-based dye displacement assay for the detection of (±) amphetamine in urine. The selective nature of MIPs coupled with a displaceable dye enables the resulting low-cost assay to rapidly produce a clear visual confirmation of a target’s presence, offering huge commercial potential. The following manuscript characterizes the proposed assay, drawing attention to various facets of the sensor design and optimization. To this end, synthesis of a MIP tailored towards amphetamine is described, scrutinizing the composition and selectivity (ibuprofen, naproxen, 2-methoxphenidine, quetiapine) of the reported synthetic receptor. Dye selection for the development of the displacement assay follows, proceeded by optimization of the displacement process by investigating the time taken and the amount of MIP powder required for optimum displacement. An optimized dose–response curve is then presented, introducing (±) amphetamine hydrochloride (0.01–1 mg mL−1) to the engineered sensor and determining the limit of detection (LoD). The research culminates in the assay being used for the analysis of spiked urine samples (amphetamine, ibuprofen, naproxen, 2-methoxphenidine, quetiapine, bupropion, pheniramine, bromopheniramine) and evaluating its potential as a low-cost, rapid and selective method of analysis.

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In search of optimal psychoactivation: stimulants as cognitive performance enhancers

Cited by 8 publications

References 85 publications

Do Medical Universities Students Use Cognitive Enhancers while Learning?—Conclusions from the Study in Poland

Do Medical Universities Students Use Cognitive Enhancers while Learning?—Conclusions from the Study in Poland

Effect of caffeine in chocolate (Theobroma cacao) on the alveolar bone mineral density in guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) with orthodontic tooth movement

A Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-based Dye Displacement Assay for the Rapid Visual Detection of Amphetamine in Urine

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