In silico Study of Trianthema portulacastrum Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: A Possible Contributor to its Enhanced in vivo Wound Healing Potential

Abstract

Rich amount of phenolic compounds are available in Trianthema portulacastrum L. (TP) leaves and are traditionally utilized as a wound dressing material. Oxidative stress and inflammation affect the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by modulating the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK) activity subjected to delay in wound healing. The objective of the current study was to explore the wound healing effect of ferric oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized with fractionated TP extract (FeTP). The ability of TP active components (polyphenols) to inhibit the GSK was explored by using molecular docking studies. FeTP were synthesized, characterized, utilized to prepare an ointment and its efficacy was investigated against full-thickness dermal wounds. Different wound healing parameters, level of enzymatic antioxidants, hydroxyproline content and tissue cytokines level were analyzed. Histopathology was performed to confirm the healing by newly formed tissue architecture. Rats treated with FeTP showed significantly swift healing with faster wound contraction rate, high tensile strength and hydroxyproline content along with the utilization of less time for epithelialization. Histopathological study also validated the potential wound healing effect of FeTP with complete re-epithelialization. The results of the present study cumulatively revealed that the green synthesized FeTP ointment approach may serve as a potential tool for dermal wound healing.

Formulation and Evaluation of Helichrysum italicum Essential Oil-Based Topical Formulations for Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

“…Taking into consideration that collagen is the major component strengthening and supporting extracellular tissue, we aimed to indirectly determine its content in skin tissue by determining hydroxyproline content [ 34 ]. Hydroxyproline permits the sharp twisting of the collagen helix, and high concentrations direct cell proliferation, as well as the synthesis, localization and maturation of collagen, all of which are in direct connection with the rate of wound healing [ 35 ]. A significant increase in hydroxyproline content in groups treated with H. italicum clearly suggests that the essential oil of H. italicum enhances collagen synthesis and deposition, which provides strength and tissue integrity, thereby playing a vital role in tissue epithelialization and homeostasis [ 36 ].…”

Phytochemical Screening of Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson (Apocynaceae) Latex, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Incision Wound Repair in Mice

“…This result is comparable with earlier reports on chlorogenic acid, ferulic, and caffeic acid, which also showed greater affinity for glycogen synthase kinase 3. It can be suggested that acacetin-7-O-neohesperidoside might exhibit similar bioactivity to chlorogenic, ferulic, and caffeic acid [ 42 ]. In our study, acacetin-7-O-neohesperidoside has been identified as the main metabolite associated with the wound healing effect.…”

“…Before the docking study with the phytochemicals of H. sucuuba , protein files were retrieved from the PubChem database and protein data bank, respectively. Before performing molecular interaction studies, glycogen synthase kinase 3β [ 42 ] was further assessed for its missing side-chain residues using the openMM simulation tool ( accessed on 6 September 2021). Molecular docking studies were performed using Autodock v4.2.6.…”

Wound Physiology and Experimental Wound Models: Traditional Review

“…İyileşme aşamalarını değerlendirmek için çeşitli matematiksel denklemler kullanılmaktadır. 53,54 İn Vİtro İn vitro modeller, skar oluşumu patogenezini ve iyileşme süreçlerini anlamak için kullanılır, ancak skar tedavileri için kullanılmaz. Günümüzde 3 ana model kullanılmaktadır.…”