In Situ Analysis of the Zn(S,O) Buffer Layer Preparation for Chalcopyrite Solar Cells by Zn <scp>L</scp>‐edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Lauermann, Iver; Kropp, Timo; Vottier, Damien; Ennaoui, A.; Eberhardt, W.; Aziz, Emad F.

doi:10.1002/cphc.200800788

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This shift corresponds to a shift of the Zn 4s and Zn 4d conduction bands to higher energy. [37] There is also a partial contribution from the O 2p state of the excess oxygen species at the surface, owing to hybridization of the O 2pÀZn 4s and O 2pÀZn 4p states. Furthermore, the decreased intensity of the absorption edge (about 1020 eV) is attributed to the lower number of oxygen vacancies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Activity and Selectivity of ZnO Materials in the Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Lin¹,

Cojocaru²,

Chou³

et al. 2013

ChemCatChem

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ZnO and Li‐doped ZnO photocatalysts were prepared by using a solvothermal method, aided by a supercritical drying technique. The structure and morphology of the photocatalysts were investigated by using SEM, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity and selectivity were investigated in the aqueous‐phase photodegradation of methylene blue and phenol as model reactions. Herein, it is reported for the first time that Li doping can lead to significant deactivation of the photocatalytic activity (i.e., decreased oxidization capability) of ZnO materials. The distribution of intermediate products (i.e., selectivity) was also significantly modified in the decomposition of phenol catalyzed by Li‐doped ZnO compared to that catalyzed by ZnO. Photoluminescence (PL) and soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies suggested that dopant‐induced surface‐defect states acted as electron–hole combination centers and changed the adsorbate/surface binding, thus causing the deactivation of photocatalytic activity and altering the photocatalytic selectivity in Li‐doped ZnO materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Activity and Selectivity of ZnO Materials in the Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Lin¹,

Cojocaru²,

Chou³

et al. 2013

ChemCatChem

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“…For these experiments the Liquidrom set-up existing at BESSY II [85] was used. The aim of these experiments was to elucidate the chemical composition of different CBD solutions in dependence of temperature and the sequence of addition of individual chemical components to the CBD solution [86,87].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchrotron-based spectroscopy for the characterization of surfaces and interfaces in chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells

Lauermann

Bär

Fischer

2011

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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“…[ 87,90 ] It has been confi rmed that the mixing order is crucial to facilitate the complex formation of either Zn(TU) x 2+ or Zn(NH 3 ) x 2+ complexes. [ 91 ] While the molar concentrations of Zn and TU are seen to increase deposition speeds, increasing the NH 4 OH concentration decreases the reaction by promoting the intermediate complex formation. More detailed description of the reaction chemistry can be found in literature.…”

Section: Chemical Bath Deposition Of Cds and Zn(sooh)mentioning

confidence: 98%

All Solution‐Processed Chalcogenide Solar Cells – from Single Functional Layers Towards a 13.8% Efficient CIGS Device

Romanyuk

Hagendorfer

Stücheli

et al. 2014

Adv Funct Materials

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Solution processing of inorganic thin fi lms has become an important thrust in material research community because it offers low-cost and high-throughput deposition of various functional coatings and devices. Especially inorganic thin fi lm solar cells -macroelectronic devices that rely on consecutive deposition of layers on large-area rigid and fl exible substrates -could benefi t from solution approaches in order to realize their low-cost nature. This article critically reviews existing deposition approaches of functional layers for chalcogenide solar cells with an extension to other thin fi lm technologies. Only true solutions of readily available metal salts in appropriate solvents are considered without the need of pre-fabricated nanoparticles. By combining three promising approaches, an air-stable Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin fi lm solar cell with effi ciency of 13.8% is demonstrated where all constituent layers (except the metal back contact) are processed from solutions. Notably, water is employed as the solvent in all steps, highlighting the potential for safe manufacturing with high utilization rates. remarkable improvements in conversion effi ciency. [ 1 ] The highest effi ciency of 21.0% has been achieved for two thin fi lm technologies so far: Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) [ 2 ] and CdTe. [ 3 ] Remarkably, both CIGS and CdTe records are exceeding the highest value of 20.4% for the market leading polycrystalline silicon wafer technology. Kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cells are often considered as low-cost alternatives to CIGS and CdTe because they consist of only earth-abundant and nontoxic elements although the effi ciency is currently limited to 12.6% (12.7% not certifi ed). [ 4 ] Well-established dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) technology peak at 12.3% and 13.4%, respectively. [ 1 ] The most recent boom in TFPV -organometallic halide perovskite cells -has shown an incredible spurt by advancing effi ciency from below 5% to 17.9%(!) within just 3 years. [ 5 ] On the border to classical TFSC is the thin crystalline silicon technology that employs liftoff of 50-micrometer-thick Si wafers to yield up to 21.2%-efficient solar cells. [ 6 ] These massive research and development efforts in the fi eld of TFSC clearly refl ect their commercial value for manufacturing inexpensive effi cient solar modules -rigid or fl exible. Functional layers for the high effi ciency devices are deposited mostly in a batch-to-batch manner using vacuum-based methods such as evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. For example, Figure 1 exhibits a cross-section of a >20% effi cient CIGS solar cell in the so-called substrate confi guration, where 5 out of 6 functional layers are deposited by evaporation or sputtering. In this respect, non-vacuum deposition methods are often promoted as alternative approaches to reduce capital investment costs, offer fast roll-to-roll (R2R) processing and eventually reduce the PV module prices. Particularly desirable among non-vacuum approaches are solutionb...

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In Situ Analysis of the Zn(S,O) Buffer Layer Preparation for Chalcopyrite Solar Cells by Zn L‐edge X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Photocatalytic Activity and Selectivity of ZnO Materials in the Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Photocatalytic Activity and Selectivity of ZnO Materials in the Decomposition of Organic Compounds

Synchrotron-based spectroscopy for the characterization of surfaces and interfaces in chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells

All Solution‐Processed Chalcogenide Solar Cells – from Single Functional Layers Towards a 13.8% Efficient CIGS Device

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