In Situ Analysis of the Evolution of the Primary Immune Response in Murine<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>Genital Tract Infection

Morrison, Sandra G.; Morrison, Richard P.

doi:10.1128/iai.68.5.2870-2879.2000

Cited by 106 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…3) (62). CD4 ϩ T cells predominate throughout the course of infection (49,62) and small clusters of CD4 ϩ T cells remain scattered throughout the genital tract submucosae following the resolution of infection (44,62).…”

Section: Murine Model Of C Trachomatis Genital Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection

2002

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Section: Murine Model Of C Trachomatis Genital Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrate the submucosae as infection resolves (Fig. 2) (61,62,99). Infiltrating lymphocyte subpopulations include B cells, CD4…”

Section: Murine Model Of C Trachomatis Genital Tract Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection

2002

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“…Macrophages and lymphocytes, including B cells, CD4 ϩ T cells, and CD8 ϩ T cells, infiltrate as infection resolves. CD4 ϩ T cells predominate throughout the course of infection and form perivascular clusters that persist in the genital tract after resolution of infection (26). CD4 ϩ T cells are essential for protective immunity in the C. muridarum mouse model (27,28).…”

Section: Mouse Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Studying Female Genital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis

2013

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Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. It is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the world, with more than 100 million new cases of genital tract infections with C. trachomatis occurring each year. Animal models are indispensable for the study of C. trachomatis infections and the development and evaluation of candidate vaccines. In this paper, the most commonly used animal models to study female genital tract infections with C. trachomatis will be reviewed, namely, the mouse, guinea pig, and nonhuman primate models. Additionally, we will focus on the more recently developed pig model. Chlamydia trachomatis, a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease. World Health Organization values for 2008 estimated an annual increase of over 100 million genital tract infections with C. trachomatis worldwide (1). The incidence of cases is increasing in many countries (1, 2). Genital tract infections with C. trachomatis can cause cervicitis in women and urethritis in men. However, these infections remain largely subclinical in approximately 70% of women and 50% of men and consequently are often not detected (3). Untreated infections may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal scarring, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain in women, epididymitis in men, and infant pneumonia in children (4-7). Uncomplicated chlamydial infections can be treated easily with antibiotics, but once infection and pathology are established, treatment may be less effective. Asymptomatic individuals can be identified through screening programs, but this approach is likely to be too costly for developing countries. A vaccination program would be much cheaper and have a greater impact in controlling C. trachomatis infections worldwide. Computer modeling suggests that even a partially efficacious chlamydial vaccination program would rapidly reduce the prevalence of genital infection (8). Animal models are indispensable for the study of C. trachomatis infections and the development and evaluation of candidate vaccines. Various animal models have been developed, including mouse (9, 10), guinea pig (11, 12), nonhuman primate (13,14), pig (15), rat (16), and rabbit (17) models. Here, the most commonly used animal models to study female genital tract infections with C. trachomatis will be reviewed, namely, the mouse, guinea pig, and nonhuman primate models. Additionally, we will focus on the more recently developed pig model. MOUSE MODELSMice are the most commonly used animals to study genital chlamydial infections. The advantages of the mouse model are their small size, ease of handling, availability in sufficient amounts, and low cost. Moreover, there are many well-characterized inbred and knockout mouse strains available (18). The female mouse genital tract is susceptible to infection with both Chlamydia muridarum (9) and C. trachomatis (10), which has resulted in the establishment of two murine mod...

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“…Murine studies using Chlamydia muridarum have greatly expanded the knowledge of infection kinetics, including the differential cell infiltration between the lower and upper genital tract, the rate at which this occurs, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and also the rate of infection ascension. [24][25][26] The infectious dose of Chlamydia is known to modulate the innate immune response, with greater inoculating doses causing a greater innate immune response.…”

Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 The first line of defense against a Chlamydia infection within the female reproductive tract is the mucosal barrier. Initial infection of epithelial cells causes a cascade of events leading to the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1, IL-8 42 , IL-12 19 , IL-6, and GM-CSF, 43 which then induces an influx of innate immune cells (Fig. 1) such as natural killer (NK) cells, 44 DCs, 39 and neutrophils.…”

Section: Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW ARTICLE: Chlamydia trachomatis, a Hidden Epidemic: Effects on Female Reproduction and Options for Treatment

Carey

Beagley

2010

American J Rep Immunol

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Citation Carey AJ, Beagley KW. Chlamydia trachomatis, a hidden epidemic: effects on the female reproduction and options for treatment. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010The number of genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infections is steadily increasing worldwide, with approximately 50–70% of infections asymptomatic. There is currently no uniform screening practice, current antibiotic treatment has failed to prevent the increased incidence, and there is no vaccine available. We examined studies on the epidemiology of C. trachomatis infections, the effects infections have on the female reproductive tract and subsequent reproductive health and what measures are being taken to reduce these problems. Undetected or multiple infections in women can lead to the development of severe reproductive sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility. There are two possible paradigms of chlamydial pathogenesis, the cellular and immunological paradigms. While many vaccine candidates are being extensively tested in animal models, they are still years from clinical trials. With no vaccine available and antibiotic treatment unable to halt the increased incidence, infection rates will continue to increase and cause a significant burden on health care systems.

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In Situ Analysis of the Evolution of the Primary Immune Response in MurineChlamydia trachomatisGenital Tract Infection

Cited by 106 publications

References 40 publications

Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection

Immunity to Murine Chlamydial Genital Infection

Animal Models for Studying Female Genital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis

REVIEW ARTICLE: Chlamydia trachomatis, a Hidden Epidemic: Effects on Female Reproduction and Options for Treatment

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