Ni, Fe, and Cu foams to form robust binder-free electrodes for high-performance electrocatalytic reactions. [55][56][57][58][59] Interestingly, multidimensional electrocatalysts grown at the nanoscale on a range of current collectors, namely substrates and will benefit from a strong adhesion with the current collector to avoid catalyst delamination, limited active sites, and charge transfer blockage to enhance catalytic reactions (Figure 1b-d). [9,[60][61][62][63][64]
Key Prospects, Insights, and the Dynamic Properties of Nano-and Microstructured Binder-Free Electrocatalysts and Their Direct Impact on Electrochemical ReactionsWater splitting has become one of the most important technologies to produce hydrogen (H 2 ) in high purity form. Water splitting includes two half-reactions, namely the cathodic HER and anodic OER. [8,65] Generally, the electrocatalytic performance and activity are highly sensitive to local reaction conditions and is largely valued by the energy required for adsorption/desorption of reaction intermediates and the rupture/creation of chemical bonds. Hence, the conventional powder form of precious metals such as Pt/C for the HER and RuO 2 or IrO 2 for the OER are considered ideal electrocatalysts. [66] In addition, several nonprecious 1D, 2D, and 3D nano-and microstructured powder catalysts such as MoS 2 , WS 2 , Ni 3 S 2 , NiCo 2 S 4 are also of interest for the HER and OER reactions. [54,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] However, for commercial purposes and practical applica-