In situ control of graphene ripples and strain in the electron microscope

Ludacka, Ursula; Monazam, Mohammad Reza Ahmadpour; Rentenberger, Christian; Friedrich, Manuel; Stefanelli, Ulisse; Meyer, Jannik C.; Kotakoski, Jani

doi:10.1038/s41699-018-0069-z

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The peak-to-peak distances computed in this work are in good agreement with previous theoretical and experimental studies on rippled graphene, which reported the graphene roughness to be between 75.2 to 109.0 pm 55 . Thomsen et al 56 directly measured the freestanding graphene roughness (ripple amplitude) as about 1.14 Å using diffraction tilt analysis in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) method.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Locomotion of the C60-based nanomachines on graphene surfaces

Mofidi

Pishkenari

Ejtehadi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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We provide a comprehensive computational characterization of surface motion of two types of nanomachines with four C60 “wheels”: a flexible chassis Nanocar and a rigid chassis Nanotruck. We study the nanocars’ lateral and rotational diffusion as well as the wheels’ rolling motion on two kinds of graphene substrates—flexible single-layer graphene which may form surface ripples and an ideally flat graphene monolayer. We find that the graphene surface ripples facilitate the translational diffusion of Nanocar and Nanotruck, but have little effect on their surface rotation or the rolling of their wheels. The latter two types of motion are strongly affected by the structure of the nanomachines instead. Surface diffusion of both nanomachines occurs preferentially via a sliding mechanism whereas the rolling of the “wheels” contributes little. The axial rotation of all “wheels” is uncorrelated.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Locomotion of the C60-based nanomachines on graphene surfaces

Mofidi

Pishkenari

Ejtehadi

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…By simple geometrical analysis, we can derive quantitatively the distance-dependent height displacement and inclination angle from strain maps in GPA, as shown in Figure S1f When the distance between two endpoints (Lep) increases from ~3 nm ( Figure S1b) to ~10 nm ( Figure S1k), deformations between them decrease if one compares the results shown in Figure S1E-I with that in Figure S1o-r. As shown in Figure S1q, the mean inclination angle in line profile b (or c), corresponding to a 3.6 nm (or 2 nm) distance away from dislocation core is ~9.5° (10.9°). This value is comparable to that caused by the ripples in graphene, typically 5°~8° at room temperature 4,5 . And the height displacement is almost the same as the vicinity of dislocation in graphene (5−20 Å) 3 .…”

Section: Out-of-plane Warping In the Junction With The Same Orientatisupporting

confidence: 53%

“…angles and interior atomic arrangements) determine the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of 2D materials [2][3][4][5] . Thus, designing and tailoring GBs at atomic scale is one of the utmost goals for advancing fundamental research and industrial applications of 2D materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

Atomic-Precision Fabrication of Quasi-Full-Space Grain Boundaries in Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride

2019

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Precise control and in-depth understanding of the interfaces is crucial for the functionality-oriented material design with desired properties. Herein, via modifying the long-standing bicrystal strategy, we proposed a novel nanowelding approach to build up interfaces between two-dimensional (2D) materials with atomic precision. This method enabled us, for the first time, to experimentally achieve the quasi-fullparameter-space grain boundaries (GBs) in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). It further helps us unravel the long-term controversy and confusion on the registry of GBs in h-BN, including i) discriminate the relative contribution of the strain and chemical energy on the registry of GBs; ii) identify a new dislocation core-Frank partial dislocation and four new anti-phase boundaries; and iii) confirm the universal GB faceting. Our work provides a new paradigm to the exploiting of structural-property correlation of interfaces in 2D materials.Grain boundaries (GBs), an inevitable structural imperfection in polycrystalline two-dimensional (2D) materials, behave as one-dimensional line defects that connect differently oriented grains of the same material 1,2 . Extensive studies have confirmed that the inherent structures of GBs (e.g., misorientation theoretical predictions, we could derive following rules for GB configurations from our experimental results: i) for |θ|<~38°, both sym-and anti-sym GBs are formed only by 5|7s; ii) for ~38°<|θ|<47°, GBs are comprised of 5|7s and a new type of dislocation core-Frank partial dislocations (5|84|7s or 5|84|...|84|7s) as shown in Figure 4c, d, which was not reported previously. Note that θ>38° sym-GBs can also consist of only 5|7s, as exampled by the GB-(41,5) in Figure S9; iii) for ~47°<|θ|<60°, anti-sym GBs only consists of Frank partial dislocations, while sym-GBs and asym-GBs contain both 5|7s and Frank partial dislocations; and iv) no 4|8 dislocation core was observed (served as ⃑ (1,1) dislocations). Table of contentsSection 1| Out-of-plane warping in the junction between the top and bottom layers 1.1 Out-of-plane warping in the junction with the same orientation (θ=0°) ( Figure S1) 1.2 Out-of-plane warping in the tilted GBs obtained by our experiments (Figure S2) Section 2| Out-of-plane warping in regular planar GBs Section 3| Fabrication of h-BN/graphene hetero-junction (Figure S3) Section 4| Structural evolution of the in situ created holes in 2D h-BN under electron beam irradiation and sample heating (Figure S4 to Figure S5) Section 5| Imaging process (Figure S6) Section 6| Dislocations and line defects in 2D h-BN (Figure S7) Section 7| Details for the full-space GBs (Figure S8 to Figure S11) Section 8| The detailed structure of GBs with 66-BBs (Figure S12) Section 9| The GB energy in 2D h-BN (Figure S13) Section 10| More details about GB faceting 10.1 General description of GB faceting and the associated statistics (Figure S14, 15) 10.2 More details about GB faceting in |θ|<38° GBs (Figure S16 to Figure S18) 10.3 More details about GB faceting in |θ|>38° GBs (F...

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“…The observed incoherent background is due to excitations of phonons in the membrane. While corrugations of the membrane would lead to an additional smearing of the diffraction orders as observed in electron microscopy [52], these can be reduced by strainengineering the membrane [53,54], and are not considered here. The angular resolution has been taken to be δj=200 μrad (FWHM), the initial energy resolution of the H beam is ΔE/E=1%, and coupling to the electronic system of graphene is accounted for by an additional broading of ΔE/E=5%.…”

Section: Realistic Diffraction Patternmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent diffraction of hydrogen through the 246 pm lattice of graphene

et al. 2019

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We study the diffraction of neutral hydrogen atoms through suspended single-layer graphene using molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory. Although the atoms have to overcome a transmission barrier, we find that the de Broglie wave function for H at 80 eV has a high probability to be coherently transmitted through about 18% of the graphene area, contrary to the case of He. We propose an experiment to realize the diffraction of atoms at the natural hexagon lattice period of 246 pm, leading to a more than 400-fold increase in beam separation of the coherently split atomic wave function compared to diffraction experiments at state-of-the art nano-machined masks. We expect this unusual wide coherent beam splitting to give rise to novel applications in atom interferometry.

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In situ control of graphene ripples and strain in the electron microscope

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Locomotion of the C60-based nanomachines on graphene surfaces

Locomotion of the C60-based nanomachines on graphene surfaces

Atomic-Precision Fabrication of Quasi-Full-Space Grain Boundaries in Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Coherent diffraction of hydrogen through the 246 pm lattice of graphene

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