In situ electrochemical synthesis of lithiated silicon–carbon based composites anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Datta, Moni Kanchan; Kumta, Prashant N.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.033

Cited by 124 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[9] Continual changes in materials tructure and mechanicalp roperties duringc ycling lead to fatigue, material cracking, loss of contact, and electrode delaminates that will decreaset he amount of usable materials and increase cell resistance, thereby decreasing the available capacity.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[9,37,38] Even though, electrochemically,S ib ecomesa morphous during lithiation until the formation of am etastable Li 15 Si 4 crystalline phase, the intrinsic expansion of the Si lattice is expected to follow as imilars lope. In an electrode,w ee xpect to observe expansion only in the out-ofplane direction, as the Si particles are being constrained in the in-plane direction by the electrode andt he current collector.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Zhao²,

Hoster

2015

ChemElectroChem

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Silicon is ap otential high-capacity anode material for lithiumion batteries. However,l arge volume changesi nt he material remains ab ottleneck to its commercialization. Many works have been devoted to nanostructured composites with voids to accommodate the volumee xpansion. Yet, the full capability of silicon cannot be utilized, because these nanostructured electrodes have low volumetric capacities. Herein, we redesign dense silicon electrodes with three times the volumetric capacity of graphite. In situ electrochemical dilatometry reveals that the electrode thickness change is nonlineara safunction of state of chargea nd highly affected by the electrode composition. One key problemi st he large vertical displacement of the silicon particles duringl ithiation, which leads to irreversible particled etachment and electrode porosity increase. Better reversibility in electrode thickness changes can be achieved by using polyimide, with ah igher modulus and larger ultimate elongation, as the binder,leading to betterc ycle stability.Batteries have become key componentsi nm obile devices. The global market share of lithium-ion batteries was more than 10 billion US dollars in 2012, and is expected to increase significantly with the increasing demandi ne nergy storagef or renewable sourcess uch as wind farms, solar farms, and so forth.[1] Many researchers are developing new materials such as metal-oxide, tin-based, and silicon-based anodest oi ncrease the specific capacity and energy density of lithium-ion batteries.[2-8] However,t he bottleneck to battery development is not only the capacity,b ut also the reversibility of Li incorporation into an electrode without degradation. One of the main problems of next-generation, high-capacity anode materials is their large volumec hange during charge and discharge. For example, silicon (Si), with ac apacity of up to 4000 mAh g À1 ,h as at heoretical volume change of 311%.[9] Continual changes in materials tructure and mechanicalp roperties duringc ycling lead to fatigue, material cracking, loss of contact, and electrode delaminates that will decreaset he amount of usable materials and increase cell resistance, thereby decreasing the available capacity.Many researchers try to accommodate the volume change in Si electrodes by incorporating additional spacesw ithin the electrode with nanomaterials, graphene composites, and inactive phases. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Even though the cycle performance is, in general, improved, the volumetric capacity is sacrificed with the large number of voids.I nsome cases, the volumetric capacities of nanostructured silicon electrodes with packing densities less than 0.2 g Si cm À3 are even lower than that of ap ractical graphite electrode (ca. 560 mAh cm À3). For mobile applications, where volume matters, more dense Si electrodes are necessary to increase the overall volumetric capacity and energy density. The key question is, therefore, how to maintain mechanical reversibility in these packed electrodes.To understand and solve...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Zhao²,

Hoster

2015

ChemElectroChem

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“…In every case, potential plateaus appeared at 0.1 and 0.4 V vs. Li/Li + in charge (lithiation) and discharge (delithiation) processes. It has been recently reported that lithiation plateaus at 0.1 V originate from the phase transition from crystalline Si to Li 15 Si 4 (Li 3.75 Si) 14,15 and/or amorphous Li-Si 15,16 at room temperature, and that delithiation plateaus at 0.4 V are attributed to Li-extraction from these phases. The crystallization of the equilibrium intermetallic phases is kinetically forbidden.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The crystallization of the equilibrium intermetallic phases is kinetically forbidden. 15,16 Smaller charge/discharge capacities in case of acid bath are possibly caused by the segregated Ni-P with the larger size: Li-insertion/extraction reactions are disturbed by Liinactive Ni in the segregated Ni-P layers on Si particles. Figure 3 gives cycling performances of the Ni-P/Si electrodes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Anode Performance of Ni-P-Coated Si Thick-Film Electrodes for Li-Ion Battery

2012

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To improve the deviation of cycling performances as Li-ion battery anode, we controlled the morphology of Ni-P layers deposited on Si particles in thick-film electrodes prepared by a gas-deposition method. The spotty Ni-P layers were uniformly coated on Si particles by an electroless deposition in a neutral bath. The resulting electrodes using Ni-P-coated Si exhibited excellent cycling performances and their good reproducibility. The reason for the improvement of performances is probably that the Ni-P layers can effectively release a stress generated by alloying/dealloying reactions of Li with Si.

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“…SnO2 nanoparticles/3D macroporous C [57] Sn/C [58] SnO2/C coaxial nanotubes [59] crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles(11nm) [60 ] SnO2 nanoparticles/CMK mesoporous C [61] Li-Cu-SnO2 [62] Sn film [32] ordered macroporous Ni-Sn [41] heteroatoms/tin nanoparticles [63] Cu6Sn5 alloy powders [64] Tin dispersed in an oxide matrix [65] Sn-Co-C composite [4] La-Co-Sn alloys [5] Sn-encapsulated -C hollow spheres [66] Si-Al thin film [22,23] Nano-Si/pore-wall-SnO2 nanotube [16] encapsulated Si/mesoporous TiO2 [38] Ti-Si and Ti-Si-Al alloy [29] Mesoporous Si-TiO2 [40] Si-Al-Sn films [21] SixCo0.3Cu0.3Cr0.6Al0.2/graphitespher [31] carbon-coated SiB [6] Si-CeMg12 composites [7] nanosized silicon-nickel-graphite [9] nanosheets (Ni3Si, Ni31Si12) [67] mesoporous Si/ZrO2 nano-film [68] Mesoporous Si@C Core-Shell Nanowires [39] Si@SiOx-C Nanocomposite [69] Carbon-Silicon Core-Shell Nanowires [44] SiO and Li/ball milling + carbon coating [30] lithiated silicon-carbon based composites [70,71] Carbon-fiber-silicon-nanocomposites [45] Si DC MWCNTs nanocomposite [47] Core double-shell Si@SiO2@C [72] carbon-silicon composite nanofiber [46] Si/graphite/MWCNT composite [73] Carbon/silicon (nano-composite) [74,…”

Section: ~30mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Silicon Nanocomposite Materials for Li-Ion Secondary Batteries

Wang¹,

Chen²,

Lü³

2011

TOMSJ

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Abstract:With the rapid progress and wide application of Li-ion batteries, commercial graphite anode can not satisfy the increasing demand for higher capacities. Like other anode materials with higher capacities, silicon materials as anodes remain serious problems for their large volume variations and poor cyclabilities during cycling. One of key problem is how to stabilize the performances of Si anode materials. Various influencing factors of volume variation of silicon anode materials have been reviewed, which consist of discharging voltage, amorphous or crystalline type, tube or pore microstructure, interlayer adhesion, buffering and protective layer materials and conductive agents. Another hot issue is on the preparation methods for silicon anode materials with high performance. It covers not only the technics of high purity silicon materials, including the predominant Siemens process of electronic-grade silicon, but also the techniques of silicon film anodes, which consists of butyl-capped silicon precursor, the template methods of nanostructure, magnetron sputtering, ball-milling. From the screening of existing silicon anode materials in the literatures, the preparation methods for promising Si anode materials and their prospects have been offered.

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In situ electrochemical synthesis of lithiated silicon–carbon based composites anode materials for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 124 publications

References 35 publications

Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Suppressing Vertical Displacement of Lithiated Silicon Particles in High Volumetric Capacity Battery Electrodes

Improved Anode Performance of Ni-P-Coated Si Thick-Film Electrodes for Li-Ion Battery

The Development of Silicon Nanocomposite Materials for Li-Ion Secondary Batteries

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