In Situ Fabrication of Integrated Electrode of Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

An integrated electrode has been in situ fabricated on a titanium substrate by a simple thermal oxidation method. The integrated electrodes can replace glass substrates, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and TiO 2 compact and mesoporous layers in conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with bilayer configuration. Under AM1.5 illumination, photon-to-electricity conversion efficiency (PCE) of the fabricated PSCs is 9.92%, which is higher than that of PSCs with bilayer configuration. Interestingly, photoluminescence (PL) measurements show a lower charge recombination in the integrated electrodes than normal TiO 2 electrodes fabricated layer by layer, thereby suggesting that photoinduced electrons in integrated electrodes can be more efficiently extracted. We also found that our PSCs have high conductivity and excellent stability. Therefore, the developed technique is suitable for fabricating large area PSCs. Organicinorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have elicited considerable attention due to their unique advantages and rapid progress. 15 The photon-to-electricity conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has been recorded at 22.1%, as shown in recent studies. 6 Optimizing the device architectures can be considered a suitable and exciting arena from the manufacturing and application perspectives.7 Before the development of various techniques for producing high-quality perovskite films, the configuration of mesoporous PSCs realized high efficiency, in which the perovskite morphology is mainly controlled by the underlying mesoporous scaffold. 8,9 After the development of fast perovskite film deposition techniques, bilayer configuration PSCs have been created with high efficiencies. These PSCs have a perovskite capping layer on top of the perovskite sensitized layer.10 To date, all the certified high-efficiency PSCs have been developed in this configuration. 11,12 In this bilayer configuration, high-efficiency PSCs with less hysteresis can be obtained by balancing the mesoporous and capping layers. In this bilayer configuration, high requirements were proposed to develop the perovskite deposition in this configuration.Planar PSCs have been developed to eliminate the function of mesoporous TiO 2 electron conduction.13 Therefore, it makes PSCs more suitable for fabrication at low temperature and for avoiding the power wasting mesoporous TiO 2 layer, which needs to be processed at high temperatures. Planar PSCs begin with compact layer deposition, which is used to prevent charge recombination. Pinhole-free and high-quality compact layers with a few defects are important for planar PSCs with a high PCE. and stainless-steel fiber. 37In this study, we designed and in situ fabricated an integrated electrode on a titanium substrate by using a simple thermal oxidation method. Compared with conventional PSCs with bilayer configuration, this integrated electrode can increase the charge transport and reduce the series resistance, including the contribution of electrode/compact layer and compact/ mesoporous layer inter...

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