In situ fixation of grape berries

Diakou, Paraskevi; Carde, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1007/bf01306611

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…To our knowledge no development of oil bodies related to grape flesh ripening has been reported; therefore, oil-body-membrane proteins may participate in novel uncharacterized functions for such case. For instance the induction of oil-body-membrane protein genes coincides with the post-veraison increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm in mesocarp cells [70], and they might be involved in the stabilization of tonoplast throughout ripening.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

et al. 2012

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BackgroundRipening of fleshy fruit is a complex developmental process involving the differentiation of tissues with separate functions. During grapevine berry ripening important processes contributing to table and wine grape quality take place, some of them flesh- or skin-specific. In this study, transcriptional profiles throughout flesh and skin ripening were followed during two different seasons in a table grape cultivar ‘Muscat Hamburg’ to determine tissue-specific as well as common developmental programs.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing an updated GrapeGen Affymetrix GeneChip® annotation based on grapevine 12×v1 gene predictions, 2188 differentially accumulated transcripts between flesh and skin and 2839 transcripts differentially accumulated throughout ripening in the same manner in both tissues were identified. Transcriptional profiles were dominated by changes at the beginning of veraison which affect both pericarp tissues, although frequently delayed or with lower intensity in the skin than in the flesh. Functional enrichment analysis identified the decay on biosynthetic processes, photosynthesis and transport as a major part of the program delayed in the skin. In addition, a higher number of functional categories, including several related to macromolecule transport and phenylpropanoid and lipid biosynthesis, were over-represented in transcripts accumulated to higher levels in the skin. Functional enrichment also indicated auxin, gibberellins and bHLH transcription factors to take part in the regulation of pre-veraison processes in the pericarp, whereas WRKY and C2H2 family transcription factors seems to more specifically participate in the regulation of skin and flesh ripening, respectively.Conclusions/SignificanceA transcriptomic analysis indicates that a large part of the ripening program is shared by both pericarp tissues despite some components are delayed in the skin. In addition, important tissue differences are present from early stages prior to the ripening onset including tissue-specific regulators. Altogether, these findings provide key elements to understand berry ripening and its differential regulation in flesh and skin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

et al. 2012

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“…There were also a number of proteolysis genes in the top 100 hubs of the turquoise module (Additional file 13). Other senescent-like processes have been observed during grape ripening such as chloroplast disintegration [23, 24] and cell death [22]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In tomato, chloroplasts are converted to chromoplasts, which are the source of the red pigments. In grapes, it appears from two studies that the chloroplasts remain chloroplasts, but that the chloroplasts structure begins to become disorganized with plastoglobules forming and enlarging [23, 24]. These plastoglobules may be a source for lipids used in volatile production during the late stages of fruit ripening [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stage of development represents a senescence-like phase preparing the fruit for seed dispersal with several degradative processes occurring including chloroplast disintegration [23, 24] and cell death [22]. A large number of genes and physiological processes appears to be operating including genes involved with ethylene signaling and flavor pathways [20] in the skin of Cabernet Sauvignon berries in the late stages of ripening over a range of °Brix levels (22 to 37 °Brix).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The common transcriptional subnetworks of the grape berry skin in the late stages of ripening

et al. 2017

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BackgroundWine grapes are important economically in many countries around the world. Defining the optimum time for grape harvest is a major challenge to the grower and winemaker. Berry skins are an important source of flavor, color and other quality traits in the ripening stage. Senescent-like processes such as chloroplast disorganization and cell death characterize the late ripening stage.ResultsTo better understand the molecular and physiological processes involved in the late stages of berry ripening, RNA-seq analysis of the skins of seven wine grape cultivars (Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon) was performed. RNA-seq analysis identified approximately 2000 common differentially expressed genes for all seven cultivars across four different berry sugar levels (20 to 26 °Brix). Network analyses, both a posteriori (standard) and a priori (gene co-expression network analysis), were used to elucidate transcriptional subnetworks and hub genes associated with traits in the berry skins of the late stages of berry ripening. These independent approaches revealed genes involved in photosynthesis, catabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. The transcript abundance of most photosynthetic genes declined with increasing sugar levels in the berries. The transcript abundance of other processes increased such as nucleic acid metabolism, chromosome organization and lipid catabolism. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 64 gene modules that were organized into 12 subnetworks of three modules or more and six higher order gene subnetworks. Some gene subnetworks were highly correlated with sugar levels and some subnetworks were highly enriched in the chloroplast and nucleus. The petal R package was utilized independently to construct a true small-world and scale-free complex gene co-expression network model. A subnetwork of 216 genes with the highest connectivity was elucidated, consistent with the module results from WGCNA. Hub genes in these subnetworks were identified including numerous members of the core circadian clock, RNA splicing, proteolysis and chromosome organization. An integrated model was constructed linking light sensing with alternative splicing, chromosome remodeling and the circadian clock.ConclusionsA common set of differentially expressed genes and gene subnetworks from seven different cultivars were examined in the skin of the late stages of grapevine berry ripening. A densely connected gene subnetwork was elucidated involving a complex interaction of berry senescent processes (autophagy), catabolism, the circadian clock, RNA splicing, proteolysis and epigenetic regulation. Hypotheses were induced from these data sets involving sugar accumulation, light, autophagy, epigenetic regulation, and fruit development. This work provides a better understanding of berry development and the transcriptional processes involved in the late stages of ripening.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12...

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“…Tissue preparation was done following the method that Diakou and Carde reported 27 with modifications. The tissues were cut into small blocks (about 4–6 mm 3 ), and immediately fixed in 100 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) with 2.5% (V/V) glutaraldehyde for 4 h at 4 °C with thorough degassing.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme activities and gene expression of starch metabolism provide insights into grape berry development

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2017

Hortic Res

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Grapes are categorized as a non-climacteric type of fruit which its ripening is not associated to important rises in respiration and ethylene synthesis. The starch metabolism shares a certain role in the carbohydrate metabolic pathways during grape berry development, and is regarded as an important transient pool in the pathway of sugar accumulation. However, the comprehensive role of starch and its contribution to the quality and flavor of grape berry have not been explored thoroughly. In this study, the expression levels of genes enzyme activities and carbohydrate concentrations related to starch metabolism, were analyzed to understand the molecular mechanism of starch accumulation during grape berry development. The results indicated that starch granules in grape berry were located at the chloroplast in the sub-epidermal tissues, acting as the temporary reserves of photosynthetic products to meet the needs for berry development, and relatively high starch contents could be detected at véraison stage. Moreover, both ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2.3.1.14) involved in starch synthesis displayed elevated gene expression and enzymes activities in the sub-epidermal tissue, while α- and β-amylases involved in its degradation were highly transcribed and active in the central flesh, explaining the absence of starch in this last tissue. Change in the gene expression and activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, β-amylase and sucrose phosphate synthase revealed that they were regulated by the circadian rhythms in the fruitlets compared with those in the leaves. Both the morphological, enzymological and transcriptional data in this study provide advanced understandings on the function of starch during berry development and ripening that are so important for berry quality. This study will further facilitate our understanding of the sugar metabolism in grape berry as well as in other plant species.

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In situ fixation of grape berries

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

Berry Flesh and Skin Ripening Features in Vitis vinifera as Assessed by Transcriptional Profiling

The common transcriptional subnetworks of the grape berry skin in the late stages of ripening

Enzyme activities and gene expression of starch metabolism provide insights into grape berry development

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