In situ long-term monitoring of recolonization by fungi and lichens after innovative and traditional conservative treatments of archaeological stones in Fiesole (Italy)

Bioconservation of Historic Stone Buildings—An Updated Review

“…There have been few studies on the colonization of the newly produced material by environmental microorganisms, although a recent article reviews the methodologies employed to assess the durability of cultural heritage stone surfaces in response to microbial colonization [92]. Recolonization after the use of non-biological consolidants on marble, sandstone and plaster in the archeological site of Fiesole, Italy, was shown to depend mainly on the bioreceptivity of the substrate and the climatic conditions [93]. A relatively recent paper suggests that the bioconsolidation treatment based on stimulation of indigenous calcifying microorganisms does not significantly alter the stone microbiota in the long term [94].…”

A review of the nature, role and control of lithobionts on stone cultural heritage: weighing-up and managing biodeterioration and bioprotection

“…Monitoring programs are increasingly needed to monitor the long-term effectiveness of such approaches, in comparison with the traditional application of biocides following mechanical removal (Bruno et al 2019;Sanmartín et al 2020). Under certain climate conditions, however, even the most effective strategies may not fully prevent recolonization (Pinna et al 2018), confirming the necessity of an integrated, site-specific approach (including microclimate control, where possible) to improve the success of management strategies for the conservation of CHSS.…”

Antimicrobial engineered nanoparticles in the built cultural heritage context and their ecotoxicological impact on animals and plants: a brief review

“…La Russa et al [5] found that Ag, Fe and Sr could increase the activity of TiO 2 and could be applied for stone preservation. Although Becerra et al [12] confirmed the additive effect of Ag on TiO 2 nanoparticles for protection of limestone, Graziani et al [13] found that the addition of neither Cu nor Ag improved the self-cleaning and anti-biofouling activities of TiO 2 nanoparticles, while Pinna et al [14] found that, although copper nanoparticles could be a suitable alternative to traditional biocides such as tin derivatives for protection of archaeological stone (marble, sandstone and plaster), they did not reduce regrowth sufficiently. Further examples can be found in Fonseca et al [8], Pinna et al [15], Banach et al [16], and Batista Goffredo et al [17].…”