In Situ Measurement of the Conductance of Regioregular Poly-3′,4′-didodecyl-2,2′:5′,2′′-terthiophene during Potentiodynamic Growth

Abstract

This work reports a study of regioregular poly-3′,4′-didodecyl-2,2′:5′,2′′-terthiophene (poly-3′4′-DDTT) deposited electrochemically onto a double-band electrode for the in situ measurement of the electrical conductance. The electrodeposition of poly-3′4′-DDTT was conducted in the potentiodynamic mode within the applied potential interval 0 ≤ E appl ≤ 0.9 V vs Ag/Ag + employing an electrolyte that contained the terthiophenic monomer 3′4′-DDTT (the starting redox species).These electrochemical conditions warrant the oxidation of 3′4′-DDTT (initiation step) and prevent the oxidative degradation of the polymerization product(s). Through the adoption of conformal mapping we could calculate the electrical conductivity, , of the electrodeposited polymer thanks to the observation of a linear variation of conductance with the consumed charge of polymerization.Moreover, the use of conformal mapping for the analysis of these phenomena of electrochemical growth of a conducting deposit has allowed also the determination of the volume yield for the poly-3′4′-DDTT under consideration. The electrical conductivity of poly-3′4′-DDTT depended nonlinearly on the scan rate of electrodeposition and varied in the broad range 12 < < 34 S cm -1 . This has allowed the identification of the optimal conditions of electrodeposition for achieving highly conductive poly-3′4′-DDTT at ambient temperature. The variability of poly-3′4′-DDTT conductivity depended on the nature of the electrodeposit which, in turn, depended on the rate of oxidative coupling (determined by the electrical current) and on the rate of precipitation (determined by the conditions of saturation in proximity of the double-band electrode).

Electrodeposition as a Versatile Preparative Tool for Perovskite Photovoltaics: Aspects of Metallization and Selective Contacts/Active Layer Formation

“…[47] A possible step further in the use of conductive polymers as selective contacts in perovskite PV could be moved by employing different types of poly-and oligo-thiophenes (especially the alkylsubstituted ones) [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] when this class of materials is deposited onto the substrate of interest via ED. [56,57] Besides the synthesis via electropolymerization, the class of polythiophenes (PTs) presents the additional advantage of being indifferently p- [58][59][60][61] and n-doped [62,63] via an electrochemical procedure of oxidation and reduction, respectively. This feature can lead to the preparation of electrochemically deposited and electrochemically doped hole-transporting layer HTL and electron-transporting layer (ETL) based on the same substrate of PT (or oligothiophene).…”