In-Situ Monitoring of Layer-Wise Fabrication by Electrical Resistance Measurements in 3D Printing

Dijkshoorn, Alexander; Neuvel, Patrick; Krijnen, Gijs

doi:10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278632

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The method requires conductive filament, or typically filaments with a conductive filler. The in-situ measurement method has already been tested successfully with conductive PLA and conductive TPU in preliminary research on simple structures with single electrode 22 . Here we demonstrate its use on more complex structures, with single and multiple electrodes, relate the results to anisotropic conductivity models and show the diagnostic potential of the method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the geometry, the measured resistance is also influenced by the print settings and material properties, where a lower print temperature results in higher ρ and σ 19,29,31 . Moreover the carbon-doped material has a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTC) in the range of 0.01 K −1 to 0.02 K −121, 32, 33 , hence adding heat raises the resistance 22 . Therefore in this research the samples are kept small with a big surface area to volume ratio, giving them a small thermal time constant.…”

Section: Electrical Resistance Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FFF print defect characterization through in-situ electrical resistance monitoring

Jonkers,

Dijkshoorn,

Stramigioli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Fused Filament Fabrication is a popular fabrication technique. Currently there is a need for in-situ monitoring modalities to gather real-time information on prints, both for quality control and closed-loop control. Despite current advancements, effective and affordable in-situ monitoring techniques for non-destructive defect detection of voids and bonding quality are still limited. This work demonstrates in-situ monitoring of Fused Filament Fabrication through electrical resistance measurements as an alternative to thermal and optical methods. A new, easy-to-implement setup is demonstrated which measures the electrical resistance of a conductively doped filament between the nozzle and single or multi-electrodes on the bed. Defects can be located in an unprecedented way with the use of encoded axes in combination with the observed resistance variations throughout the part. A model of the anisotropic electrical conduction is used to interpret the measurements, which matches well with the data. Warping, inter-layer adhesion, under-extrusion and overhang sagging print defects can be observed in the measurements of parts with a complex geometry, which would be difficult to measure otherwise. Altogether in-situ electrical resistance monitoring offers a tool for optimising prints by online studying the influence of the print parameters for quality assessment and it opens up possibilities for closed-loop control.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrical Resistance Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

FFF print defect characterization through in-situ electrical resistance monitoring

Jonkers,

Dijkshoorn,

Stramigioli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In this way, inter-traxel and inter-layer resistance can be measured with rectangular samples in-between conductive plates in different orientations [108], [124], [123]. Research indicates that in-situ resistance measurements during printing can also be used for characterization of conductive prints [114]. In-plane anisotropy, however, can also be measured with a voltage contrast method in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and with infrared (IR) thermography measurements via Joule heating [7].…”

Section: A Characterisation Of Anisotropic Conductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…References Advantage Disadvantage Silver ink, paste and epoxy [86], [26], [111], [28] Low contact resistance Can be mechanically weak Embedding wires by melting [112], [63], [113] Mechanically strong Risk of deforming sensor Copper tape inserted during printing [108], [114] Mechanically strong High electrical contact resistance Connectors, headers and jumper wires [6], [108], [109], [115] Compatible with standard electronics Contact resistance pressure dependent 3D printed snap-on connector [10], [116] Compatible with EMG hardware Only suited for specific cases Screwed or bolted [117], [66], [118] Mechanically strong Bulky Soldering [119] Low contact resistance Only suited for e.g. electrodeposition Fig.…”

Section: Bonding Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

et al. 2021

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In this review paper, we focus on the 3D printing technologies that consist of the extruding of fluid material in lines to form structures for electro-and biomechanical applications. Our paper reviews various 3D print technologies, materials, sensing technologies and applications of extrusion-based 3D printing. We also discuss how to overcome some of the challenges with 3D printed sensors, such as the anisotropy of the conductors as well as the drift and nonlinearity of the materials.

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“…In this way, inter-traxel and inter-layer resistance can be measured with rectangular samples in-between conductive plates in different orientations [169,92,182]. Research indicates that in-situ resistance measurements during printing can also be used for characterization of conductive prints [173]. In-plane anisotropy, however, can also be measured with a voltage contrast method in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and with infrared (IR) thermography measurements via Joule heating [30].…”

Section: Anisotropic Conduction In 3d Printed Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed sensing systems for upper extremity assessment

Wolterink¹

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Stroke is one of the main causes of disability in the world, resulting in many cases in the loss of motor function. A proper assessment of motor function is required to help to direct and evaluate therapy. Currently, this assessment is performed by therapists using observer-based assessment protocols on a time to time basis influenced by subjective observations and interpretations. Sensorbased technologies can be used to objectively quantify the presence and severity of motor impairments in stroke patients. The main goal of this thesis is the development of a distributed sensing system for the upper limbs that integrates electromyography (EMG), kinematic and kinetic sensor modalities using soft, flexible and personalized sensing structures, to receive continuous information about the interaction of the human body with the environment. The Kinematic data was obtained using existing inertial measurement units (IMU's). New soft and customizable EMG and kinematic sensors were developed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printing technologies.A minimally obstructive distributed inertial sensing system, intended to measure kinematics of the upper extremity, was developed and tested in a pilot study with 10 chronic stroke subjects performing arm-related tasks from a clinical assessment protocol (FMA-UE) with the affected and non-affected side. This study showed the high potential of this measurement system to assess pathological synergies and may provide more detailed clinical information with respect to observer based assessment protocols. Therefore, this system enables the possibility for a quantitative assessment of the upper limb synergies and improvements in the rehabilitation progress.The emerging development of 3D-printing technologies and materials facilitate the creation of personalized sensing structures that can be potentially integrated in e.g. prosthetic and assistive devices. This technology is used to develop flexible carbon-black doped TPU-based surface electromyography (sEMG) sensing structures that have equal performance in signal amplitude as equal sized gold standard Ag/AgCl gel electrodes. v Sensors currently used for fingertip interaction force sensing lack compliance to the fingertip tissue and therefore result in loss of touch sensation. Furthermore, poor sensor to skin attachment leads to unwanted movements of the sensors around the fingertip caused by the external forces. To overcome these difficulties a new flexible 3D-printed finger sensor was developed that is compliant to the soft fingertip tissue, while trying keeping the loss of touch sensation low. This sensor measures both shear and normal forces by using the mechanical deformation of the fingertips caused by the normal and shear-forces. A major challenge of these 3D-printed sensors is the nonlinear force to signal relation due to the use of (carbon doped) thermoplastic materials. Therefore, signal analysis and compensation models are needed to obtain a signal response correlated to the applied forces.Insights gained in this rese...

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In-Situ Monitoring of Layer-Wise Fabrication by Electrical Resistance Measurements in 3D Printing

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

FFF print defect characterization through in-situ electrical resistance monitoring

FFF print defect characterization through in-situ electrical resistance monitoring

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

3D Printed sensing systems for upper extremity assessment

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