The
high internal stress during (de)lithiation, poor ionic/electronic
conductivity, and relatively low specific capacity are the three critical
issues for the applications of silica (SiO2) anodes. Herein,
a high-performance SiO2 anode is designed from the microscale
to the atomic scale, and for the first time, an aerogel constructed
by the graphene and manganese atom (Mn)-doped ultrasmall SiO2 nanoparticles (around 50 nm) is proposed to overcome the three issues.
From the aspect of microscale, the ultrasmall SiO2 nanoparticles
and the porous feature of aerogel improve the structural stability
during (de)lithiation and the lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. From
the aspect of atomic scale, the doping of Mn introduces the impurity
level, expands the coordination environment, and enhances the adsorption
for Li+, boosting the ionic/electronic conductivity and
the amount of the Li+ intercalation. Therefore, the anode
ranks among the best SiO
x
(0 < x ≤ 2) anodes. For example, the capacity is almost
constant after 2000 cycles, and the specific capacities are around
1800, 1600, and 1300 mAh/g at 0.5, 1, and 3 A/g, respectively. Moreover,
the reinforced reasons are revealed based on the density functional
theory simulations and experiments.