In situ organically cross‐linked polymer gel for high‐temperature reservoir conformance control: A review

Abstract

Polymer gel has been established as water‐blocking agents in oil recovery application. In this practice, a mixture known as gelant is injected into target area and set into a semisolid gel after a certain adequate time. Besides profile modification and water shutoff, the role of the polymer gel in conformance control is to block high permeability regions, before diverting injected water from high permeability to low permeability zones of the reservoir. It is to boost the oil displacement and sweep efficiency. This is the key to improve oil recovery in the heterogeneous oil reservoirs. However, very limited gels are applicable for harsh conditions, especially in high‐temperature reservoirs. Organically cross‐linked polymer is 1 of the materials for conformance control at high‐temperature reservoirs. Many experimental works and field applications have exhibited the potential of this technology. This paper presents a concise review on this polymer gel for conformance control at high‐temperature wells. Firstly, in situ organically cross‐linked polymer gel has been introduced, and the reason of the use over other types of polymer gels is summarized. The early studies of organically cross‐linked gel systems are also discussed, followed by the chemistry and the gelation mechanisms. An extensive review on factors that affect gelation kinetics and field applications is also discussed in some detail.

Co-Bonded Hybrid Thermoplastic-Thermoset Composite Interphase: Process-Microstructure-Property Correlation

“…In the gel-time measurements, the rheometer was maintained at the set temperature for 30 min before placing the resin to achieve a uniform and stabilised temperature in the measurement chamber. The relation between temperature-dependent gel time values and temperature was describe by employing an Arrhenius relationship as [ 42 ]: where t G was gel time, t 0 was the pre-exponential time constant, R was the universal gas constant, and Δ E is the activation energy of the gelation. Herein, gel time as an index of cure kinetics was employed to monitor the changes during the curing reaction and to determine the cure kinetics effect on interphase formation.…”

Water Control with Gels Based on Synthetic Polymers under Extreme Conditions in Oil Wells

“…Organic gels are mostly made from synthetic polymers forming cross-linked polymer gels, and it is a technology that has been widely applied in the past decades [145]. Due to the above, it is [ [130][131][132][133][134] tert-Butyl acrylate-AM/d-PEI d-PEI was synthesized converting some amino groups into amides; the obtained gels showed thermal stability at 162 °C.…”

“…Organic gels are mostly made from synthetic polymers forming cross‐linked polymer gels, and it is a technology that has been widely applied in the past decades 145. Due to the above, it is crucial to know the situation of synthetic polymers that have a good performance at high temperatures and salinities.…”

Experimental evaluation and tomographic characterization of polymer gel conformance treatment

“…Most hydrocarbon reservoirs show complex geological heterogeneity due to the presence of rocks with a wide range of pore and grain sizes, different physical properties including permeability in particular, and the presence of natural features such as fractures. Reservoir heterogeneity, e.g., spatial variations in permeability, has been known as one of the reasons for low recovery of oil and early water production (Amir et al, 2019;Hasankhani et al, 2018;Heidari et al, 2018;Lee and Lee, 2013). As heterogeneity in permeability increases, flow paths become more complicated.…”