“…197,248 Trace heavy metal analysis has been performed either with just BiFEs 247,248,252,253,[255][256][257]260 or with electrodes modified with a Bi-film combined with other materials and/or compounds, including with different NMs, 25,50,83,181,256 Nafion and GO, 40,83,233,235,250 as well as doping of the Bi-films with boron or indium. 245,259 Various other metals, including Sb, [261][262][263][264] Cu, [265][266][267] Au, 268 Pb, 269 and Hg, 260 have also been electrodeposited on different types of electrodes. Moreover, complexing agents such as 8-hydroxyquinoline, 251 nioxime, 265 and cupferron 269 have been added during the in situ Bi-, Pb-, and Cu-film modification of GCEs.…”