In situ, real-time, colorimetric detection of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) using self-protection products coated with chemical receptor-embedded hydrogel

Second Skin as Self-Protection Against γ-Hydroxybutyrate

“…7,15 However, the developed BHEI chemical receptors did not require detection equipment, and the chemical receptor had certain advantages, such as high sensitivity, superior water solubility, and high selectivity, to visually detect GHB in small amounts. 28 The BHEI chemical receptor was developed for the secret and rapid detection of GHB as a self-protection product for applications in real life. NMR and docking were performed to demonstrate the hydrogen bonding in the interactions between GHB with carboxyl acid and BHEI with the −OH group.…”

“…When 10 mg/mL GHB was treated in alcohol, it was visually observed that the color changed, and the intensities of all alcohols exceeded 10000. Several scholars reported that GHB detection could be performed using fluorescent substances or specific equipment to analyze fluorescent substances composed of low molecular weight compounds. , However, the developed BHEI chemical receptors did not require detection equipment, and the chemical receptor had certain advantages, such as high sensitivity, superior water solubility, and high selectivity, to visually detect GHB in small amounts …”

“…The BHEI chemical receptor binds with GHB and changes color from yellow to red. 28 When GHB and BHEI were combined, the color change could not be restrained due to the fast and strong chemical bonds between the two molecules. The application of BHEI has been reported in our previous reports as an in situ, real-time, colorimetric detection sensor of GHB using self-protection products coated with a chemical receptor-embedded hydrogel.…”

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 complementary approach for accurate determination of carbon isotopic compositions in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid using gas chromatography/combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry [ 118 ]; 2020 ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD in four popular beverages, including carbonated drinks, tea, apple cider vinegar, and coffee [ 119 ]; H-1-NMR results of seven kinds of beverages spiked GBL indicated that were spiked with GBL where the GBL was transformed into GHB in six popular beverages under certain conditions which could happen during transportation and storage [ 120 ]; detection method based on DLLME and GC-MS/MS for GHB in beverages [ 121 ]; two new oxazole derivatives for detection of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, by color and fluorescence changes [ 122 ]; review [ 123 ]; GC-MS analysis of GHB in energy drinks [ 124 ]; 2021 a total vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) method with GC-MS for the detection of GHB and GBL in alcoholic beverages [ 125 ]; review [ 126 ]; LLE-FTIR based method to GBL in adulterated beverages [ 127 ]; forensic routine cases were measured to consider the potential of additional GC-MS analysis for GHB related acids (3,4-dihydroxy butyric acid, 2,4-dihydroxy butyric acid and glycolic acid) [ 128 ]; colorimetric chemosensor for the real-time in situ detection of GHB in soft drinks and alcoholic beverages [ 129 ]; heteroditopic chemosensors for detecting GHB in soft drinks, alcoholic beverages and synthetic urine [ 130 ]; a colorimetric detection kit was developed to enable rapid GHB detection in beverages [ 131 ]; 2022 development of a fluorescence probe based on a cyanostilbene scaffold for the detection of GHB [ 132 ]; method for in situ colorimetric GHB detection using various self-protection products coated with 2-(3-bromo-4-hydroxystyryl)-3-ethylbenzothiazol-3ium iodide (BHEI) as a chemical receptor embedded in hydrogels [ 133 ].…”

Fluorophore-encapsulated nanobeads for on-site, rapid, and sensitive lateral flow assay

“…The inorganic-based particles exhibit superior performances as high quantum yields and large molar extinction coefficients, however, has colloidal instability and toxicity and require harsh and complicated synthesis procedures [25] , [26] . Contrariwise, the organic small molecules exhibit strong fluorescent emission and wide dynamic range despite their simple and cost-effective synthesis methods [27] , [28] . The disadvantages of organic dyes compared to the inorganic-based materials is the photobleaching, small Stokes shift, short lifetime, and the inefficiency of labeling [29] .…”