In-Situ Structural Characterization of Rubber during Deformation and Fracture

Brüning, Karsten; Schneider, Konrad; Heinrich, Gert

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37910-9_2

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…In order to be accessible to common human perception, either a transformation to real space has to be done or certain quantitative features have to be extracted directly from reciprocal space. 18 The other techniques are also difficult to simultaneously visualize the structural evolution and study the changes in mechanical properties during SIC, which is important for understanding the self-reinforced mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, the X-ray diffraction technique is the most widely used, which can determine the crystal structure and lattice parameters of the produced crystals. − However, the X-ray diffraction technique provides information in reciprocal space. In order to be accessible to common human perception, either a transformation to real space has to be done or certain quantitative features have to be extracted directly from reciprocal space . The other techniques are also difficult to simultaneously visualize the structural evolution and study the changes in mechanical properties during SIC, which is important for understanding the self-reinforced mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping

et al. 2020

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Mapping and phase identification of the structure and mechanical property evolution of self-reinforced rubbers during deformation are difficult but important to reveal the self-reinforcement mechanism and fabricate advanced rubber products. Here, using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical mapping technique, and combined with Gaussian fitting of the modulus distribution profiles and recolored AFM modulus-mapping images, the structural evolution and mechanical response of deformed isoprene rubber (IR) has been identified quantitatively and visually. The results indicated that the entire rubber molecular segments were oriented during stretching, and the orientation was not uniform. The highly oriented shish-kebab structure along the stretching direction was directly observed in the crystalline-associated phase, which was responsible for the significant self-reinforcement. In addition, the crystallinity estimated by AFM observation was similar to the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results. Based on the AFM and WAXD results, a schematic model was proposed to illustrate the structural evolution and self-reinforcement mechanism of IR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping

et al. 2020

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“…N. Sainter 1 suggested that NR contains an inherent capability of resistance to crack propagation and the ability to resist permanent deformation at higher strains. The latter happens due to the appreciated reversible phase transition among amorphous and crystalline phases when there is an absence of the strain cycle, as proposed by Karsten Brüning, et al 2 This feature proves the extensive usage of NR in tire industries where good resilience and fatigue properties are required. Based on various studies in the past, the fact is that the resistance to crack propagation in NR is due to the strain-induced crystallization phenomena occurring during the progression of the strain cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Due to the presence of inadvertent irregularities on the surface, or in the bulk of NR, a nascent crack site might generate that leads to the inception of infinite strain. Hence, local strain concentration comes into the picture, and the crack tip attains a crystalline zone with local reinforcement leading to reduced crack propagation 2–5 . On the other hand, Zongchao Xu et al 6 proposed that the non‐crystallizing styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) generates large cracks when exposed to higher strain cycles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crack growth rate determination of highly dispersible silica filled NR/SBR blends along with material parameters around the crack tip

Bhattacharyya

Mishra

Dolui

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Based on the viscous energy dissipation parameter around the crack tip, several intrinsic factors tend to govern the dissipation factor which in turn leads to the characteristic crack growth mechanism of the rubber vulcanizate. Herein, the crack growth behavior of different filled natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and NR/SBR blends was studied. It was deciphered that the 80/20 NR‐SBR (NSS) compound exhibited the lowest crack growth (dc/dn) value at all strain percentages which was in good accordance with its highest viscous energy dissipation as observed from the DMA (strain sweep) results. Also, from the theoretical calculations, dissipated energy per unit volume for NSS was 4.73 MPa, which was the highest out of all the compounds. This led to a decrement in crack growth. The lowest intensity peak in tan δ versus temperature curve, 6.5% decrement in ΔE'(storage modulus), and almost 44% decrement in ΔG’ (Payne Effect) indicates higher polymer‐filler interaction and lower filler‐filler disintegration respectively, as compared to 100 NR (NRS). The results from optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope suggested that NSS exudes the smallest crack deviation and extent of crack growth with lesser filler agglomerates making NSS the best fatigue‐resistant compound.

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“…Cyclic tensile tests with miniature dumbbell specimens (10 × 1 × 1.6 mm 3 inner cuboid region) made of vulcanized NR were performed at the P03 beamline at the DESY synchrotron facility in Hamburg (Germany) with a purpose-made micro tension machine described by Brüning et al [1]. Time-resolved wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to characterize the structural changes in the material under deformation and to obtain a measure of the degree of crystallinity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermomechanics of strain‐induced crystallization in natural rubber under cyclic loading

Zybell

Domurath

Schneider

2017

Proc Appl Math and Mech

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Strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber has been widely investigated in the last decades by scattering techniques. Due to dissipative processes and structural changes in the material, deformation processes are accompanied with a significant amount of heat production/consumption. Time-resolved wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to characterize the structural changes in natural rubber and the local degree of crystallinity during mechanical deformation. By the simultaneous use of an infrared camera, the scattering results could be combined with changes in the temperature of the specimen due to dissipation and crystallization resp. melting of the crystallites.

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In-Situ Structural Characterization of Rubber during Deformation and Fracture

Cited by 10 publications

References 108 publications

Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping

Visualization and Quantification of the Microstructure Evolution of Isoprene Rubber during Uniaxial Stretching Using AFM Nanomechanical Mapping

Crack growth rate determination of highly dispersible silica filled NR/SBR blends along with material parameters around the crack tip

Thermomechanics of strain‐induced crystallization in natural rubber under cyclic loading

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