In situ temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere from 2 decades of IAGOS long-term routine observation

Berkes, Florian; Neis, Patrick; Schultz, Martin; Bundke, Ulrich; Rohs, Susanne; Smit, H. G. J.; Wahner, Andreas; Konopka, Paul; Boulanger, Damien; Nédélec, Philippe; Thouret, V.; Petzold, A.

doi:10.5194/acp-17-12495-2017

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The measurements (CO, O 3 , NO, NO 2 etc.) are presented as 2 min median averages to reduce the noise, and the potential vorticity (PV) was calculated using ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts) ERA-Interim (Dee et al, 2011) data interpolated along the flight track (Berkes et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussion Of Observed Features In the Utlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The IAGOS NOx instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

Berkes¹,

Houben²,

Bundke³

et al. 2018

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. We describe the nitrogen oxide instrument designed for the autonomous operation on board passenger aircraft in the framework of the European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System). We demonstrate the performance of the instrument using data from two deployment periods aboard an A340-300 aircraft of Deutsche Lufthansa. The well-established chemiluminescence detection method is used to measure nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). NO x is measured using a photolytic converter, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is determined from the difference between NO x and NO. This technique allows measuring at high time resolution (4 s) and high precision in the low ppt range (NO: 2σ = 24 pptv; NO x : 2σ = 35 pptv) over different ambient temperature and ambient pressure altitude ranges (from surface pressure down to 190 hPa). The IAGOS NO x instrument is characterized for (1) calibration stability and total uncertainty, (2) humidity and chemical interferences (e.g., ozone; nitrous acid, HONO; peroxyacetyl nitrate, PAN) and (3) inter-instrumental precision. We demonstrate that the IA-GOS NO x instrument is a robust, fully automated, and longterm stable instrument suitable for unattended operation on airborne platforms, which provides useful measurements for future air quality studies and emission estimates.

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Section: Discussion Of Observed Features In the Utlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The IAGOS NOx instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

Berkes¹,

Houben²,

Bundke³

et al. 2018

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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“…Therefore, in our study we focus on this region (40N-60N, 5-65W). For the evaluation of the reanalysis data we use the geographic position of the airplane (lat/lon), the time, data quality flags, ambient pressure and temperature (Berkes et al, 2017), relative humidity and water vapour volume mixing ratio. In this study we use the data collected during January 2000 to December 2010.…”

Section: Iagosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the fields of temperature, pressure and specific humidity are projected on the aircraft's flight path by linear spatial and temporal interpolation. Finally, the data is available with a 4 s resolution along the flight track (Berkes et al, 2017). 15 The relative humidity with respect to ice was calculated using the approximation by Murphy and Koop (2005).…”

Section: Era-interimmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of IAGOS in-situ water vapour measurements and ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis data

Reutter

Neis

Rohs

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Cirrus clouds and their potential formation regions, so-called ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) occur frequently in the tropopause region. It is assumed that ISSRs and cirrus clouds can change the tropopause structure by diabatic processes, driven by latent heating due to phase transition and interaction with radiation. For many research questions a three-dimensional picture including a sufficient temporal resolution of the water vapour fields in the tropopause region is required. This requirement is fulfilled nowadays by reanalysis products such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis. However, for a meaningful investigation of water vapour in the tropopause region a comparison of the reanalysis data with measurement is advisable, since it is difficult to measure water vapour and to assimilate meaningful measurements into reanalysis products. Here, we present an intercomparison of high-resolution in-situ measurements aboard passenger aircraft within the European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System; http://www.iagos.org) with ERA-Interim. Temperature and humidity data over the North Atlantic from 2000 to 2010 are compared relative to the dynamical tropopause. The comparison of the temperature shows a good agreement between measurement and ERA-Interim. While ERA-Interim can reproduce the main features of the water vapour measurements of IAGOS, the variability of the data is underestimated by the reanalysis data. The combination of temperature and water vapour leads to the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi). Here ERA-Interim deviates from the measurements concerning values of larger than RHi=100 %, both in number and strength of supersaturation. The comparison of ISSR pathlengths shows distinct differences, which can be traced back to the spatial resolution of both data sets. IAGOS shows significantly more smaller ISSRs compared to ERA-Interim. A good agreement begins only at pathlengths in the order of the ERA-Interim spatial resolution and larger.

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“…The vertical gradient of temperature between the top and the bottom of the EI corresponds to the intensity of the inversion. We require that the difference of temperature between the EI base and the altitude level right above 5 exceeds the value of 0.3 K in order to avoid erroneous identification of the EI base due to uncertainties on the temperature measurements estimated at ±0.25 K in IAGOS (Berkes et al, 2017). All profiles with no or too weak (below 0.3 K) temperature inversion are discarded.…”

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confidence: 99%

A climatological view of the vertical stratification of RH, O3 and CO within the PBL and at the interface with free troposphere as seen by IAGOS aircraft and ozonesondes at northern mid-latitudes over 1994–2016

Pétetin¹,

Sauvage²,

Smit³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. This paper investigates in an innovative way the climatological vertical stratification of relative humidity (RH) and ozone (O 3 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and at the 15 interface with the free troposphere (FT). The climatology includes all vertical profiles available at northern midlatitudes over the period 1994-2016 in both IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) and WOUDC (World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre) databases, which represents more than 90,000 vertical profiles.For all individual profiles, apart from the specific case of surface-based temperature inversions (SBIs), the PBL height is estimated following the elevated temperature inversion (EI) method. Several features of both SBIs and EIs are 20 analysed, including their diurnal and seasonal variations. Based on these PBL height estimates (denoted h), the original approach introduced in this paper consists in building a so-called PBL-referenced vertical distribution of O 3 , CO and RH by averaging all individual profiles beforehand expressed as a function of z/h rather than z (with z the altitude).Using this vertical coordinate system allows to highlight the features existing at the PBL-FT interface that would have been smoothed otherwise. 25Results demonstrate that the frequently assumed well-mixed PBL remains an exception for both chemical species.Within the PBL, CO profiles are characterized by a mean vertical stratification (here defined as the standard deviation of the CO profile between the surface and the PBL top, normalized by the mean) of 11%, with moderate seasonal and diurnal variations. A higher vertical stratification is observed for O 3 mixing ratios (18%), with stronger seasonal and diurnal variability (from ~10% in spring/summer midday/afternoon to ~25% in winter/fall night). This vertical 30 stratification is distributed heterogeneously in the PBL with stronger vertical gradients observed at both the surface (due to dry deposition and titration by NO for O 3 ; and due to surface emissions for CO) and the PBL-FT interface. These gradients vary with the season from lowest values in summer to highest ones in winter. Contrary to CO, the O 3 vertical stratification was found to vary with the surface potential temperature following an interesting bell shape with weakest stratification for both lowest (typically negative) and highest temperatures, which could be due to a much lower O 3 dry Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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In situ temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere from 2 decades of IAGOS long-term routine observation

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

The IAGOS NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

The IAGOS NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

Comparison of IAGOS in-situ water vapour measurements and ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis data

A climatological view of the vertical stratification of RH, O<sub>3</sub> and CO within the PBL and at the interface with free troposphere as seen by IAGOS aircraft and ozonesondes at northern mid-latitudes over 1994–2016

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In situ temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere from 2 decades of IAGOS long-term routine observation

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

The IAGOS NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

The IAGOS NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

Comparison of IAGOS in-situ water vapour measurements and ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis data

A climatological view of the vertical stratification of RH, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and CO within the PBL and at the interface with free troposphere as seen by IAGOS aircraft and ozonesondes at northern mid-latitudes over 1994–2016

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The IAGOS NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

The IAGOS NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instrument – design, operation and first results from deployment aboard passenger aircraft

A climatological view of the vertical stratification of RH, O<sub>3</sub> and CO within the PBL and at the interface with free troposphere as seen by IAGOS aircraft and ozonesondes at northern mid-latitudes over 1994–2016