In the context of the triple burden of malnutrition: A systematic review of gene-diet interactions and nutritional status

Abstract

Genetic background interacts with dietary components to modulate nutritional health status. This study aimed to review the evidence for gene-diet interactions in all forms of malnutrition. A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted through April 2021 to identify observational and intervention studies reporting the effects of gene-diet interactions in over-nutrition, under-nutrition and micronutrient status. Risk of publication bias was assessed using the Quality Criteria Checklist and a tool specifically designed for gene-diet interaction research. 167 studies from 27 populations were included. The majority of studies investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in overnutrition (n = 158). Diets rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruits and low in total and saturated fats, such as Mediterranean and DASH diets, showed promising effects for reducing obesity risk among individuals who had higher genetic risk scores for obesity, particularly the risk alleles carriers of FTO rs9939609, rs1121980 and rs1421085. Other SNPs in MC4R , PPARG and APOA5 genes were also commonly studied for interaction with diet on overnutrition though findings were inconclusive. Only limited data were found related to undernutrition (n = 1) and micronutrient status (n = 9). The findings on gene-diet interactions in this review highlight the importance of personalized nutrition, and more research on undernutrition and micronutrient status is warranted.

Interaction of genetics risk score (GRS) and fatty acids quality indices on healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotype

“…Studies are limited about the interaction of GRS-fatty acids obesity and its different phenotypes, and most of them have investigated the single gene effect [70,71], while the genetic in uence on obesity being polygenic Hence, in the obese population, larger research is needed to replicate our interactions of GRS-fat intake. In addition, the ndings of a systematic review support the bene cial effects of decreasing dietary intake of total fat, SFA, TFA and n-6 PUFA and enhancing MUFA and n-3 PUFA intakes to reduce obesity risk and obesity-related phenotypes among individuals genetically predisposed to obesity [72].…”

Methods for Assessing Health Outcomes Associated with Food Insecurity in the United States College Student Population: A Narrative Review

“…Encompassed with the definition of the double burden of malnutrition, the experience of overnutrition may still be accompanied by undernutrition or micronutrient deficiencies, as high-calorie intake may result in the underconsumption of essential vitamins and minerals [ [72] , [73] , [74] ]. Weight status, as it relates to nutritional adequacy, is often overlooked, as it is presumed that being overweight or obese corresponds to overnutrition of all nutrients [ 73 ].…”