In the COVID-19 Era, When and Where Will You Travel Abroad? Prediction through Application of PPM Model

Abstract

This study aimed to derive tourism motives and constraint factors that have changed or are newly applicable after COVID-19, and to identify the influencing relationships between these factors and complex aspects of tourism behavior intentions. For this purpose, the Push-Pull-Mooring model was used. To achieve the purpose of this study, prior literature and empirical studies were used to derive the primary measurement items through the primarily derived PPM model-based factors, and an online questionnaire survey was conducted with consumers who had had experience of overseas travel within the past two years. In total, 322 copies of the questionnaire were used for analysis. Through factor analyses, five push factors, four pull factors, and four mooring factors were derived. To understand tourism behavior intentions, each of the travel resumption times, preferred destination types, and preferred accommodation types were divided into three to conduct multinomial logistic regression analysis. The influence relationships between variables were verified to identify the changes in tourism behavior intentions caused by COVID-19, and the results indicated that some items of the PPM factors had significant influencing relationships with travel resumption times and preferred accommodation types. The preferred destination types were found to have significant influencing relationships with some items of the push/pull factors that were not found to have any influencing relationships with the mooring factors. This study is meaningful in that it presented motives and constraint factors for tourism behaviors from a new perspective based on changes in the tourism environment due to COVID-19, and the application of the PPM model and travel behavior is expected to be applied to diverse tourist behavior studies hereafter to achieve theoretical extensions.

Travelers’ (in)Resilience to Environmental Risks Emphasized in the Media and Their Redirecting to Medical Destinations: Enhancing Sustainability

“…The authors used two PPM model (push-pull-mooring) questionnaires from the authors Jeong-Joon Kim, Byeong-Cheol Lee, and Hyo-Jeong Byun [107] and Imas Chandra Pratiwi, Santi Novani and Lisandy Arinta Suryana [76] in order to achieve the research's stated objective. Based on the research that was accessible and addressed the topic of examining the influence of the media on decisions, indicators of the media as a moderator were developed.…”

“…The majority of the health information that adults receive comes from the media, according to studies in the field of social medicine [106]. Furthermore, traditional studies of health communication demonstrate that mass media may be even more crucial for raising public awareness and knowledge about health issues than interpersonal communication [107][108][109]. Taking into account all social factors, it is important to understand the influences of the media in spreading stereotypes about environmental risks and the need for medical tourism [110].…”

“…The population in the Rostov region (sample size of 935) and the survey periods (before the epidemic, from January to March 2019, and subsequent to the pandemic, from August to November 2022) served as the empirical foundation for the study. Between July and December 2022, research on Serbia (a sample of 426) was carried out in the following cities: Belgrade (208), Novi Sad (111), and Niš (107). The required sample size was calculated using the G*power test.…”