"In their own words": delineating the contours of dyspnea invisibility in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from quantitative discourse analysis

Abstract

Background Dyspnea conveys an upsetting or distressing experience of breathing awareness. It heavily weighs on chronic respiratory disease patients, particularly when it persists despite maximal treatment of causative abnormalities. The physical, psychological and social impacts of persistent dyspnea are ill-appreciated by others. This invisibility constitutes a social barrier and impedes access to care. This study aimed to better understand dyspnea invisibility in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through quantitative discourse analysis. Methods We conducted a lexicometric analysis (lemmatization, descending hierarchical classification, multicomponent analysis, similarity analysis) of 11 patients' discourses (6 men, severe COPD; immediate postexacerbation rehabilitation) to identify semantic classes and communities, which we then confronted with themes previously identified using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results Class#1 ("experience and need for better understanding"; 38.9% of semantic forms, 50% of patients) illustrates the gap that patients perceive between their experience and what others see, confirming the importance of dyspnea invisibility in patients' concerns. Class#2 ("limitations"; 28.7% of forms) and Class#3 (management"; 13.1% of forms) point to the weight of daily limitations in performing basic activities, of the need to accept or adapt to the constraints of the disease. These three classes matched previously identified IPA-derived themes. Class#4 ("hospitalization"; 18.2% of forms) points to the importance of interactions with the hospital, especially during exacerbations, which constitutes novel information. Conclusions Lexicometry confirms the importance of dyspnea invisibility as a burden to COPD patients.