In transition: current health challenges and priorities in Sudan

Charani, Esmita; Cunnington, Aubrey J.; Yousif, Adil; Ahmed, Muthanna J.; Ahmed, Ammar; Babiker, Souad; Badri, Shahinaz; Buytaert, Wouter; Crawford, Michael; Elbashir, Mustafa I.; Elhag, K. M.; El-Siddig, K.; Hakim, Nadey; Johnson, Mark R.; Miras, Alexander D.; Swar, Mohammed Osman; Templeton, Michael R.; Taylor-Robinson, Simon D

doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001723

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This risk is predicted to be intensified by the lack of data and information sharing in a timely manner, particularly during health emergencies. 16 , 17 Additionally, the Sudanese population was desensitized about the risk of COVID-19 by the statement of the former Minister of Health, ‘We managed to get rid of Omar al-Bashir. How come we cannot get hold of this tiny coronavirus?’, which might have given the wrong impression that the COVID-19 pandemic could be easily managed in Sudan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 10 Furthermore, they have poor sanitation and personal hygiene, further increasing their risk of COVID-19. 8 , 17 Nonetheless, the Sudanese government advised residents of Khartoum State to secure their essential needs before the implementation of a 24-h lockdown order issued starting on 18 April. This has now been changed to a 12-h curfew between 06:00 and 18:00 h daily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The first laboratory-confirmed imported infections of SARS-CoV-2 in Sudan

Aljak

Eldigail

Mahmoud

et al. 2020

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Background The rapidly growing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged health systems globally. Here we report the first identified infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; aetiology of COVID-19) among recent international arrivals to Sudan and their contacts. Methods Suspected cases were identified clinically and/or epidemiologically. Samples from suspected cases and their contacts were tested in the National Influenza Centre following World Health Organization protocols. Two real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect and confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Seven cases of COVID-19, including two deaths, were confirmed in Sudan between 27 February and 30 March 2020. Suspected cases were identified and tested. As of 30 March, no local transmission was yet reported in the country. Fifty-nine percent of the suspected cases were international travellers coming from areas with current COVID-19 epidemics. Cough and fever were the major symptoms, presented by 65% and 60% of the suspected cases, respectively. By early April, an additional seven cases were confirmed through limited contact tracing that identified the first locally acquired infections in recent contact with imported cases. Conclusions The high mortality rate of COVID-19 cases in Sudan might be due to limitations in test and trace and case management services. Unfortunately, infections have spread further into other states and the country has no capacity for mass community screening to better estimate disease prevalence. Therefore external support is urgently needed to improve the healthcare and surveillance systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first laboratory-confirmed imported infections of SARS-CoV-2 in Sudan

Aljak

Eldigail

Mahmoud

et al. 2020

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Therefore, the social accountability of medical schools that reflect the social mission may be different from medical schools to another according to the health concern in different parts of the country, e.g., noncommunicable diseases are more in the north of Sudan than east Sudan, where there is a high prevalence of the communicable disease. [ 37 38 39 40 ] Sickle cell disease is also an important issue in the west of Sudan. [ 41 ] Tropical and infectious diseases are an important challenge for health authorities in the southern part of Sudan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why social accountability of medical schools in Sudan can lead to better primary healthcare and excellence in medical education?

Ahmed

Abdalla

Taha

2020

J Family Med Prim Care

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Introduction: Medical education in Sudan continues to evolve and progress with proliferation in the number of medical schools after 1990. Social factors and the geographical location of Sudan will increase the opportunity of success of medical schools to be socially accountable. In this analysis, we explained why social accountability is needed in Sudan and how this can enhance both excellence in medical education and primary health care, especially in rural areas. Methodology: PubMed, scopus Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for published-English literature concerning social accountability of medical schools in Sudan and worldwide were reviewed regardless of the time limit. We have also included examples of medical schools from Sudan and the Middle East to reflect on their experience in social accountability. Results: In this critical review, we have shown that social accountability will come with benefits for medical schools and the community. Implementation of social accountability in medical schools in Sudan will increase the effectiveness of medical schools' productivity, research output, and health service in urban and rural areas. There is an urgent need for social accountability alliance in Sudan to increase collaboration between medical schools. This will increase the benefits of social accountability for all stakeholders and also increases the competency in social medicine within the medical school curriculum. Conclusion: Social accountability is regarded as a sign of excellence in medical education. Primary care physicians in Sudan are expected to be the leaders in the implementation of social accountability. This analysis answered two important questions about why medical schools in Sudan should be socially accountable? And do we need a special structure of social accountability in Sudan?

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“…In many LMICs, additional challenges impede the research, implementation and evaluation of effective strategies to tackle AMR, especially at the organisational level (Charani et al, 2019a;Cox et al, 2017;Charani et al, 2019b;Pulcini et al, 2019). These include the lack of a robust healthcare infrastructure (e.g.…”

Section: The Need For Research Collaborations To Tackle Amr In Lmicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many LMICs, additional challenges especially at the organisational level, including the lack of robust healthcare infrastructure (e.g. staff workforce, access to clinical microbiology laboratory facilities and mechanisms for disease surveillance) impede the research, implementation and evaluation of effective strategies to tackle AMR ( Charani et al, 2019a , Cox et al, 2017 , Charani et al, 2019b , Pulcini et al, 2019 ). Governments completely or partially control activities that promote, restore, and maintain health; in most cases, governments are the primary funders and the providers of health services.…”

Section: The Need For Research Collaborations To Tackle Amr In Lmicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building resilient and responsive research collaborations to tackle antimicrobial resistance—Lessons learnt from India, South Africa, and UK

Veepanattu

Singh

Mendelson

et al. 2020

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Research, collaboration, and knowledge exchange are critical to global efforts to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Different healthcare economies are faced with different challenges in implementing effective strategies to address AMR. Building effective capacity for research to inform AMR-related strategies and policies is recognised as an important contributor to success. Interdisciplinary, intersector, as well as international collaborations are needed to span global to local efforts to tackle AMR. The development of reciprocal, long-term partnerships between collaborators in high-income and in lowand middle-income countries (LMICs) needs to be built on principles of capacity building. Using case studies spanning local and international research collaborations to codesign, implement, and evaluate strategies to tackle AMR, we have evaluated and build upon the ESSENCE criteria for capacity building in LMICs. The first case study describes the local codesign and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in the state of Kerala in India. The second case study describes an international research collaboration investigating AMR surgical patient pathways in India, the UK, and South Africa. We describe the steps undertaken to develop robust, agile, and flexible AMS research and implementation teams. Notably, investing in capacity building ensured that the programmes described in these case studies were sustained through the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pandemic. Describing the strategies adopted by a local and an international collaboration to tackle AMR, we provide a model for capacity building in LMICs that can support sustainable and agile AMS programmes.

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In transition: current health challenges and priorities in Sudan

Cited by 37 publications

References 52 publications

The first laboratory-confirmed imported infections of SARS-CoV-2 in Sudan

The first laboratory-confirmed imported infections of SARS-CoV-2 in Sudan

Why social accountability of medical schools in Sudan can lead to better primary healthcare and excellence in medical education?

Building resilient and responsive research collaborations to tackle antimicrobial resistance—Lessons learnt from India, South Africa, and UK

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