In-Use Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions on Three Driving Cycles

Abstract

Twenty-four properly functioning and six high carbon monoxide emission light-duty gasoline vehicles were emission tested in Denver, CO, using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), a hot start Unified Cycle (UC), and the REP05 driving cycles at 35 degrees F. All were 1990-1997 model year vehicles tested on both an oxygenated and a nonoxygenated fuel. PM10 emission rates for the properly functioning vehicles using oxygenated fuel averaged 6.1, 3.6, and 12.7 mg/mi for the FTP, UC, and REP05, respectively. The corresponding values for the high emitters were 52, 28, and 24 mg/mi. Use of oxygenated fuel significantly reduces PM10 on the FTP, with all the reduction occurring during the cold start. MOUDI impactor samples showed that 33 and 69% of the PM mass was smaller than 0.1 microm for the FTP and REP05 cycles, respectively, when collected under standard laboratory conditions. Particle number counts were much higher on the REP05 than the FTP. Counts were obtained using secondary dilution of samples drawn from the standard dilution tunnel. FTP PM10 was mostly carbonaceous material, 36% of which was classified as organic. For the REP05, as much as 20% of the PM10 was sulfate and associated water. Forty-five percent of the REP05 PM carbon emissions was classified as organic. Driving cycle had a significant impact on the distribution of the emitted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

Development of Molecular Marker Source Profiles for Emissions from On-Road Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Fleets

“…These gasoline and smoker vehicle mass emission rates are similar to previous work. 5,10,12,20 Ratios of EC to OC in particulate matter showed patterns similar to mass emission rate and to previous work. 12,20 Like mass emission rate, EC/OC ratios were fairly consistent among the nonsmoking vehicle fleet averages.…”

PM2.5 mass and species trends in Santiago, Chile, 1998 to 2010: The impact of fuel-related interventions and fuel sales

“…Furthermore, PM 2.5 concentrations would have decreased by 25.1 mg/m 3 rather than 21.8 mg/ m 3 between 1998 and 2010 if PBF sales had remained constant. To our knowledge, the relationship between PBF and ambient PM 2.5 has rarely been directly elucidated from ambient data, although many tunnel and chamber studies have demonstrated such relationships (Schauer et al, 1999;Rogge et al, 1993;Hildemann et al, 1991;Cadle et al, 2001). The regression model results also showed that higher PM 2.5 levels were associated with greater PBF consumption (Figure 7).…”

Presence of estrogenic activity from emission of fossil fuel combustion as detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

“…Pollutants in these sources remain a significant health concern (World Health Organization, 1983;Cadle et al, 2001;Grosjean et al, 2001;Wornat et al, 2001). Inhalation of chemicals may represent a direct route for chemicals to enter the blood stream and exert biological effects on target tissues.…”