In-Vehicle Assessment of Human Exposure to EMFs from 25-kW WPT System Based on Near-Field Analysis

Mohamed, Ahmed; Meintz, Andrew; Schrafel, Peter; Calabro, Anthony

doi:10.1109/vppc.2018.8605011

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Mohamed et al conducted testing on a WPT system installed in a heavy-duty electric shuttle [26]. El-Shahat evaluated the external magnetic field from different WPT coils and derive a distance compliant with the ICNIRP guidelines [27].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Leaked Magnetic Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance Assessment of the Spatial Averaging Method for Magnetic Field Leakage from a Wireless Power Transfer System in Electric Vehicles

Okada,

Miwa,

Kodera

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Wireless power transfer (WPT) via magnetic resonance offers efficient electrical power transfer, making it an increasingly attractive option for charging electric vehicles (EVs) without conventional plugs. However, EV charging requires a transfer power in order of kW or higher, resulting in a higher-leaked magnetic field than conventional wireless systems. The leaked magnetic field is nonuniform, and the assessment in terms of the limit prescribed in the guideline is highly conservative because it assumes that a person standing in free space is exposed to a uniform field. In such cases, an assessment should be performed using the limits of the internal electric field, as it is more relevant to the adverse health effects, whereas its evaluation is time-consuming. To mitigate this over-conservativeness, international product standards introduce a spatial averaging method for nonuniform exposure assessment. In this study, we investigate assessment methods, especially for measurement points of nonuniform magnetic field strength leaked from the WPT system. Various spatial averaging methods are correlated with the internal electric field derived from electromagnetic field analysis using an anatomically based human body model. Our computational results confirm a good correlation between the spatially averaged magnetic and internal electric fields. Additionally, these methods provide an appropriate compliance assessment with the exposure guidelines. This study advances our understanding of the suitability of spatial averaging methods for nonuniform exposure and contributes to the smooth assessment in WPT systems.

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Section: Evaluation Of Leaked Magnetic Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have evaluated the location of the magnetic field measurement point in realistic vehicle models [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. As summarized in Section 2, recent studies conducted measurements at designated test points near the vehicle and within the driver's seat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance Assessment of the Spatial Averaging Method for Magnetic Field Leakage from a Wireless Power Transfer System in Electric Vehicles

Okada,

Miwa,

Kodera

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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“…With highways electrified to provide wireless charging, it will lay the groundwork for mass-market adoption of electric vehicles, regardless of battery technology [19,20]. Researchers have conducted more research on topology [21], control [22][23][24], inverter design [25][26][27], and human safety [28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bibliometric Survey of Research Output on Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles

Gbey¹,

Turkson

Lee³

2022

WEVJ

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Wireless charging modules for electric vehicles are being increasingly studied. Previous research has focused on developing more effective wireless-charging modules for electric vehicles in order to pave the way for a more sustainable urban transportation. The objectives of the study were to identify the social structure of the field by mapping of research collaborations among authors and countries, measure the influence of authors and sources, identify the interactions between different researchers and the most influential authors, sources, documents and organizations. To achieve these objectives, a bibliometric search in the SCOPUS database was conducted using a combination of keywords and Boolean operators. The initial keyword search returned 2163 documents. The documents retrieved were manually filtered for further analysis. A scientometric analysis was carried out on the remaining 1367 documents using co-authorship, co-citation, and citation analyses for a number of measurement units. The results showed that “object detection” and “shielding effectiveness” were the most current research topics. Authors who were widely cited did not generally produce a large number of papers or collaborate with other authors. Authors from China, the United States, and the United Kingdom have all co-authored published works on the topic, indicating that they have all contributed considerably to the field’s achievements. This strongly highlighted the amount of funding localized in developed countries towards such technologies. The number of international co-authored studies conducted was low. This is most significant with no research conducted in this field in the less developed world. The most cited and influential scholars were G. A. Covic, J. T. Boys, and C. C. Mi. The most influential sources were IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics and IEEE Trans. on Induction Electronics, while the most productive sources were Energies and IEEE Access. The most influential documents were those by Covic G.A. (2013a) and Covic G.A. (2013b). Finally, emerging trends in charging and energy storage in electric vehicles were also discussed.

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“…By inspection of Table 7, it is apparent that even high-end instruments do not address all relevant requirements set forth by the considered standards [76,80,117], in particular those related to field gradient and probe spatial integration, that are of utmost importance in situations of field inhomogeneity and in quite recent applications, such as automotive and wireless power transfer [118,119].…”

Section: Factors Influencing Uncertainty and Uncertainty Budgetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports

Mariscotti

2021

Energies

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Electromagnetic field emissions of modern power systems have increased in complexity if the many power conversion forms by means of power electronics and static converters are considered. In addition, the installed electric power has grown in many everyday applications such as wireless charging of vehicles, home integrated photovoltaic systems, high-performance electrified transportation systems, and so on. Attention must then be shifted to include harmonics and commutation components on one side, as well as closer interaction with humans, that concretizes in impact on physiological functions and interference to implantable medical devices and hearing aids. The panorama is complex in that standards and regulations have also increased significantly or underwent extensive revisions in the last 10 years or so. For assessment, the straightforward application of the limits of exposure is hindered by measurement problems (time or frequency domain methods, positioning errors, impact of uncertainty) and complex scenarios of exposure (multiple sources, large field gradient, time-varying emissions). This work considers thus both the clarification of the principles of interaction for each affected system (including humans) and the discussion of the large set of related normative and technical documents, deriving a picture of requirements and constraints. The methods of assessment are discussed in a metrological perspective using a range of examples.

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In-Vehicle Assessment of Human Exposure to EMFs from 25-kW WPT System Based on Near-Field Analysis

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Compliance Assessment of the Spatial Averaging Method for Magnetic Field Leakage from a Wireless Power Transfer System in Electric Vehicles

Compliance Assessment of the Spatial Averaging Method for Magnetic Field Leakage from a Wireless Power Transfer System in Electric Vehicles

A Bibliometric Survey of Research Output on Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles

Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports

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