“…Moreover, combined ultrasonic and thermal treatments have been used to clean the exterior of reactors, storage tanks, lanes, and inactivate tunnels of Pseudomonas fluorescens in the food industry, with a potential upgrade to the conventional fill–boil–dump cleaning‐in‐place system (Su et al., 2022). Additionally, the physical, chemical, and mechanical effects on proteins created by HIU treatment (high shear forces, turbulent forces, and oxidizing compounds from cavitation effects) modify the secondary and tertiary structures and the integrity of the primary chain structure (peptide chain), thus affecting the functional properties of the proteins, such as solubility, emulsification, and foaming (Geng et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2023; Sheng et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2018).…”