In Vitro and In Vivo Functional Viability, and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Bovine Serum Albumin-Ingrained Microemulsion: A Model Based on Sesame Oil as the Payload for Developing an Efficient Drug Delivery Platform

Abstract

Combination of bovine serum albumin with microemulsions as constituting ingredient biopolymer has long been regarded an innovative method to address the surface functionalization and stability issues in the targeted payload deliveries, thereupon producing effectively modified microemulsions, which are superior in loading capacity, transitional and shelf-stability, as well as site-directed/site-preferred delivery, has become a favored option. The current study aimed to develop an efficient, suitable and functional microemulsion system encapsulating sesame oil (SO) as a model payload towards developing an efficient delivery platform. UV-VIS, FT-IR, and FE-SEM were used to characterize, and analyze the developed carrier. Physicochemical properties assessments of the microemulsion by dynamic light scattering size distributions, zeta-potential, and electron micrographic analyses were performed. The mechanical properties for rheological behavior were also studied. The HFF-2 cell line and hemolysis assays were conducted to ascertain the cell viability, and in vitro biocompatibility. The in vivo toxicity was determined based on a predicted median lethal dose (LD50) model, wherein the liver enzymes’ functions were also tested to assess and confirm the predicted toxicity.

Exploring the Versatility of Microemulsions in Cutaneous Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Techniques such as the MTT assay [ 113 ], Alamar Blue assay [ 114 ], and LDH release assay [ 115 ] are commonly used to determine cell viability and measure the cytotoxic effects of microemulsions. Hemocompatibility assays are employed to evaluate the compatibility of microemulsions with blood components, including assessments of hemolysis, coagulation, platelet activation, and complement activation [ 116 ]. Furthermore, skin irritation and sensitization tests, such as the Draize test and patch testing, are conducted to determine the potential of microemulsions to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions [ 117 , 118 ].…”

“…Furthermore, skin irritation and sensitization tests, such as the Draize test and patch testing, are conducted to determine the potential of microemulsions to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions [ 117 , 118 ]. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility studies provide insights into the response of living tissues or organisms to microemulsions, including histological analysis, the assessment of inflammatory responses, immunotoxicity evaluations, and systemic toxicity studies in animal models [ 26 , 116 ]. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity assessments are performed to investigate whether microemulsions induce DNA damage or mutations [ 119 , 120 ].…”

Liposome Nanocarriers Based on γ Oryzanol: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Assessment of Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity

“…Particularly, the self-assembly approach holds great promise for designing effective delivery systems. , Liposomes are one of the drug delivery systems that are frequently used as a carrier for the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant agents to evaluate their antioxidant activities . Moreover, liposomes are also used as an efficient delivery system for water-soluble (e.g., glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, and quercetin) and lipid-soluble (e.g., tocopherol and CoQ10) antioxidant medicines to various organs and tissues for the treatment of oxidative stress-associated damage. − Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring innovative approaches to enhance drug delivery systems for improved bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. , Among these approaches, the incorporation of bioactive compounds into the structure of liposomes has gained significant attention . Liposomes, as versatile and biocompatible nanocarriers, have shown great potential for encapsulating a wide range of therapeutic agents.…”

“… 7 − 8 9 10 Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring innovative approaches to enhance drug delivery systems for improved bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. 11 , 12 Among these approaches, the incorporation of bioactive compounds into the structure of liposomes has gained significant attention. 13 Liposomes, as versatile and biocompatible nanocarriers, have shown great potential for encapsulating a wide range of therapeutic agents.…”