In vitro and in vivo effects of neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) products on larvae of the sheep nose bot fly (Oestrus ovis L. Díptera: Oestridae)

Prevalence of Oestrus ovis in small ruminants from the eastern Iberian Peninsula. A long‐term study

“…This received further confirmation in the recent metaanalysis of data from around the world by Ahaduzzaman (2019), in which the effect of climatic conditions on oestrosis was analysed. As is well known, larviposition usually occurs on warm and sunny days, at temperatures greater than 20 C and the larvae present the greatest level of activity at 22-28 C (Angulo-Valadez et al, 2010;Cepeda-Palacios et al, 2011). Larval development can take between 3 weeks and several months, depending on the geographical region (Dorchies Yilma & Dorchies, 1991).…”

“…Oestrus ovis can adapt to different environments (Ortega-Muñoz et al, 2019), and a wide range of relative humidity, although it favours high temperatures and solar irradiance (Cepeda-Palacios et al, 2011): up to four generations of flies may be spawned in these conditions each year (Yilma & Dorchies, 1991). Adult females deposit first-stage larvae (L1) directly into the nostril of the host, which then migrate from the ethmoturbinates to the ethmoid sinus, transforming into second-stage larvae (L2) while feeding on mucus, and finally they move on to the frontal and maxillary sinuses for the third stage (L3) (Zumpt, 1965).…”

Botanical Control of Parasites in Veterinary Medicine

“…Finally, aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica was tested against sheep bot fly larvae (Oestrus (O.) ovis), whereby at different concentrations showed a significant, dosedependent effect on time to L1 mortality in an in vitro test, and interfered with larval development in an in vivo test (Cepeda-Palacios et al 2014). Neem extract (A. indica) is also known for its wideuse (Ascher et al, 2000).…”