In vitro and in vivo evaluation of electrophoresis-aided casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate remineralisation system on pH-cycling and acid-etching demineralised enamel

Abstract

Casein phosphate-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), as a remineralisation agent, is extensively used in managing demineralised enamel; however, its remineralisation kinetics is low. This study aimed to improve remineralisation kinetics of CPP-ACP by introducing a rapid remineralisation method with electrophoresis. In vitro, a pH-cycling enamel model was used to test remineralisation potentials of electrophoresis-aided CPP-ACP. For verifying remineralisation potentials of electrophoresis-aided CPP-ACP in vivo in a rabbit model, acid-etched enamel surface on rabbit maxillary incisors was remineralised by electrophoresis-aided CPP-ACP with 1.0 mA (group A) or 0.5 mA (group B). Both in vitro and in vivo, it was observed that electrophoresis was benefit to improve remineralisation kinetics of CPP-ACP, and the demineralised enamel was completely remineralised after 5 h. The Ca/P ratio in remineralised enamel consisted with that of hydroxyapatite, the microstructure in native enamel. Meanwhile, in vivo the micro-hardness of acid-etched enamel in group A (322.55 ± 31.90) and group B (322.55 ± 31.90) recovered up to the value of native enamel after 5 h remineralisation (p > 0.05). The Hematoxylin-eosin stain demonstrated that the electric field used in this study was safe on rabbit dental pulp. Therefore, this efficient and safe method has the potential to be applied in treating enamel deminerlisation.

Remineralization of dentin slices using casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate combined with sodium tripolyphosphate

“…Another advantage of EDX in the study was that it could be performed without damaging the sample. Therefore, in most of the research on remineralization of dentin or enamel, EDX is still used to detect the ratio of calcium and phosphorus [13,31,32].…”

Effect of Desensitizing OTC Toothpaste Products Versus Fluoride Iontophoresis on Microhardness of Dentin Surface

“…However, there was no statistically significant difference between those treatment OTC groups. That superior microhardness value of FI group over that of conventional OTC may be attributed to Iontophoresis devices which are more effective at penetrating drug ions into the deeper tissues (20) while in other groups, the remineralization of carious dentin can occur either by spontaneous deposition of phosphorus, calcium and fluoride ions onto crystallites remnant which remain at the partially demineralized dentin or by incorporation the same ions from treatment of the external sources by (NovaMin, n-HA or NaF) (21) . Furthermore, the higher microhardness value of IF and F group can be explained by the presence of fluoride which reduce the amount of demineralization and promotes re-deposition of apatite by the formation of high mineral content bands at surface and/or sub-surface area (4) .…”

Cell-Free Biomimetic Mineralization Strategies to Regenerate the Enamel Microstructure

“…This coincides with the formation of enamel-like structures on the surface of the cathodal electrode, which are generated from the calcium phosphate solution. There are some reports describing the formation of enamel-like structures directly induced by electrolytic deposition [85][86][87].…”

“…Significant achievements utilizing biomimetic approaches in tooth repair have been achieved; however, current biomimetic mineralization approaches can only reproduce repaired layers at laboratory scale. Accurate crystallographic alignment between crystalline blocks over large dimensions is difficult to achieve at present [85][86][87][88]. A detailed mechanism of oriented attachment has not been fully elucidated, such as the function and evolution of organic matrices during crystal formation.…”