In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Phytosynthesized Using Raphanus sativus L. Waste Extracts

Abstract

The aim of the current paper is the development of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles mediated by Raphanus sativus L. extracts obtained through two extraction methods (temperature and microwave) and to test their potential application for controlling apple crops pathogens. The phytosynthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. All the materials were evaluated in terms of antioxidant and in vitro antimicrobial activity (against bacteria, molds, and yeast: Escherichia coli ATCC 8738, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Fusarium oxysporum ATCC 48112, Penicillium hirsutum ATCC 52323, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 15475). Considering the results obtained in the in vitro assays, formulations based on nanoparticles phytosynthesized using Raphanus sativus L. waste extracts (RS1N) were evaluated as potential antifungal agents for horticultural crops protection, against Venturia inaequalis and Podosphaera leucotricha through in vivo assays. For the DPPH assay, the inhibition (%) varied between 37.06% (for RS1N at 0.8 mg/mL concentration) and 83.72% (for RS1N at 7.2 mg/mL concentration) compared to 19.97% (for RS2N at 0.8 mg/mL) and only 28.91% (for RS2N at 7.2 mg/mL). Similar results were obtained for RS3N (85.42% inhibition at 7.2 mg/mL) compared with RS4N (21.76% inhibition at 7.2 mg/mL). Regarding the ABTS assay, the highest scavenger activity values were recorded for samples RS1N (91.43% at 1.6 mg/mL) and RS3N (96.62% at 1.6 mg/mL).

Phytosynthesis of Biological Active Silver Nanoparticles Using Echinacea purpurea L. Extracts

“…Transmission electron microscopy is a very useful, frequently used, and important technique for the characterization of nanomaterials, used to obtain quantitative measures of particle and/or grain size, size distribution, and morphology [ 29 ]. Transmission electron microscopy images were recorded using a Tecnai G2 F20 TWIN Cryo-TEM (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) system, at an accelerating voltage of 300 kV and a resolution of 1 Å.…”

“…The DPPH test involves mixing the sample with a DPPH solution (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The solutions were incubated for 30 min and subsequently the absorbance of the solutions was determined at 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer [ 29 ]. The antioxidant activity (AA%) was calculated using the formula where A blank is the absorbance of the DPPH solution without the sample and A sample is the absorbance of the extract mixed with the DPPH solution at 0.02 mg/mL.…”

Metallic and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles for Sensing Food Pathogens—An Overview of Recent Findings and Future Prospects

“…Our research group evaluated in vivo and in vitro the silver nanoparticles phytosynthesized using Raphanus sativus L. waste extracts [ 86 ], gold and silver nanoparticles obtained using Aconitum toxicum Reichenb. rhizomes alcoholic extracts [ 87 ], metallic nano-architectures developed via Melissa officinalis L. extracts [ 88 ], as well as compared the efficiency of phytosynthesized and radiation-assisted synthesized metallic nanoparticles [ 37 ].…”

Sustainable Use of Cruciferous Wastes in Nanotechnological Applications

“…Although most of us are familiar with red radishes, white radishes from Asia and black radishes grown in Spain are part of the same family. Radishes are eaten raw, in salads, in garnishes, or can be added to soups and other dishes [48].…”

“…Considering the data presented in the previous section, cruciferous vegetables contain many substances that have antimicrobial and antioxidant activity [48], making them ideal candidates for use in the phytosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles for the nanocoating's purpose.…”