In vitro and in vivo neurogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from different sources

Abstract

Regenerative medicine is an evolving interdisciplinary topic of research involving numerous technological methods that utilize stem cells to repair damaged tissues. Particularly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a great tool in regenerative medicine because of their lack of tumorogenicity, immunogenicity and ability to perform immunomodulatory as well as anti-inflammatory functions. Numerous studies have investigated the role of MSCs in tissue repair and modulation of allogeneic immune responses. MSCs derived from different sources hold unique regenerative potential as they are self-renewing and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, endothelial and neuronal cells, among which neuronal-like cells have gained special interest. MSCs also have the ability to secrete multiple bioactive molecules capable of stimulating recovery of injured cells and inhibiting inflammation. In this review we focus on neural differentiation potential of MSCs isolated from different sources and how certain growth factors/small molecules can be used to derive neuronal phenotypes from MSCs. We also discuss the efficacy of MSCs when transplanted in vivo and how they can generate certain neurons and lead to relief or recovery of the diseased condition. Furthermore, we have tried to evaluate the appropriatemerits of different sources ofMSCs with respect to their propensity towards neurological differentiation as well as their effectiveness in preclinical studies.

Neural Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Previous studies showed that RA combined with other factors, such as NGF, β-ME, BDNF, Forskolin, and IBMX, is necessary for the neural differentiation of MSCs in vitro (29)(30)(31). In the present study, it was found that after the combined treatment with a low concentration of RA, more than 30% of hUCB-MSCs were differentiated into GFAPexpressing cells.…”

Improving the Post-Stroke Therapeutic Potency of Mesenchymal Multipotent Stromal Cells by Cocultivation With Cortical Neurons: The Role of Crosstalk Between Cells

“…In addition, very often the positive effects of MMSCs are observed early after their introduction, at which time it is very unlikely that they have been integrated into the nervous tissue in the form of functional neurons. Although markers of differentiation of MMSCs into neural cells types are often observed, to date, complete differentiation into cells possessing a neuronal action potential and forming vital junctions with neurons of a recipient has not been shown [27,28]. This paradox redirects the researcher's attention toward the paracrine mechanisms by which MMSCs can protect neural tissue.…”

Epigenetic regulation of specific transcription factors in osteogenicdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

“…It has been shown that these MSC-derived neuronal cells have various requirements to be achieved from MSCs and also harbor nonidentical characterization markers. Furthermore, different source specific MSCderived neuronal cells do not present similar potential to be used for in vivo regeneration purposes (Taran et al, 2014). A study by Karaöz et al has also proposed a more efficient differentiation of dental pulp-derived stem cells into neuronal and epithelial lineage compared with bone marrow-derived stem cells.…”