In Vitro and In Vivo Neuroprotective Effects of Sarcosine

Tanas, Arzugül; Tozlu, Özlem Özdemir; Gezmiş, Tuğba; Hacımüftüoğlu, Ahmet; El‐Aty, A.M. Abd; Mardinoğlu, Adil; Türkez, Hasan

doi:10.1155/2022/5467498

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Profiling of mango kernels revealed for 5 major amino acids and nitrogenous compounds exemplified by sarcosine, ethyl ester, nicotinic acid and L-threonine, with sarcosine-methyl ester as major components ranging from 3.3 to 4.7 µg/mg. Sarcosine is recently recognized for its CNS effects against depression, anti-inflammation in the brain 45 , in addition for management of schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease 46 , 47 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins

El-Shabasy,

F. Eissa,

Emam

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Increasing attention has been given to mango (Mangifera indica) fruits owing to their characteristic taste, and rich nutritional value. Mango kernels are typically discarded as a major waste product in mango industry, though of potential economic value. The present study aims to outline the first comparison of different mango kernel cvs. originated from different localities alongside Egypt, e.g., Sharqia, Suez, Ismailia, and Giza. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) post silylation analysis revealed that sugars were the major class being detected at 3.5–290.9 µg/mg, with some kernels originating from Sharqia province being the richest amongst other cvs. In consistency with sugar results, sugar alcohols predominated in Sharqia cvs. at 1.3–38.1 µg/mg represented by ribitol, iditol, pinitol, and myo-inositol. No major variation was observed in the fatty acids profile either based on cv. type or localities, with butyl caprylate as a major component in most cvs. identified for the first time in mango. Regarding phenolics, Sedeeq cv. represented the highest level at 18.3 µg/mg and showing distinct variation among cvs. posing phenolics as better classification markers than sugars. Multivariate data analyses (MVA) confirmed that the premium cvs “Aweis and Fons” were less enriched in sugars, i.e., fructose, talose, and glucose compared to the other cvs. Moreover, MVA of Zabdeya cv. collected from three localities revealed clear segregation to be chemically distinct. Sharqia originated mango kernels were rich in sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose), whilst sarcosine esters predominated in other origins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins

El-Shabasy,

F. Eissa,

Emam

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…Sarcosine is also responsible for enhancing the function of the N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate receptor [35]. Previous studies have shown that sarcosine has a neuroprotective effect as it is effective in reducing oxidative stress [36]. These findings could justify the increase in sarcosine levels in response to cortisol during GR and MR activation and their cooperation with each other.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry metabolomics workflow in zebrafish larvae reveals new effects of cortisol

van Mever,

Mamani‐Huanca,

Faught

et al. 2023

Electrophoresis

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In contemporary biomedical research, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly considered a model system, as zebrafish embryos and larvae can (potentially) fill the gap between cultured cells and mammalian animal models, because they can be obtained in large numbers, are small and can easily be manipulated genetically. Given that capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS) is a useful analytical separation technique for the analysis of polar ionogenic metabolites in biomass‐limited samples, the aim of this study was to develop and assess a CE–MS‐based analytical workflow for the profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in extracts from individual zebrafish larvae and pools of small numbers of larvae. The developed CE–MS workflow was used to profile metabolites in extracts from pools of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 40 zebrafish larvae. For six selected endogenous metabolites, a linear response (R2 > 0.98) for peak areas was obtained in extracts from these pools. The repeatability was satisfactory, with inter‐day relative standard deviation values for peak area of 9.4%–17.7% for biological replicates (n = 3 over 3 days). Furthermore, the method allowed the analysis of over 70 endogenous metabolites in a pool of 12 zebrafish larvae, and 29 endogenous metabolites in an extract from only 1 zebrafish larva. Finally, we applied the optimized CE–MS workflow to identify potential novel targets of the mineralocorticoid receptor in mediating the effects of cortisol.

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“…Finally, sarcosine is a glycine transporter type-I inhibitor and NMDAR allosteric modulator, directly binding to the NMDAR glycine co-agonist site, enhancing NMDAR activity, and possessing neuroprotective properties 91 , 92 . However, previous studies (not included in our study due to our exclusion criteria) suggested that sarcosine may not be effective when used as an augmentation agent with clozapine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Fornaro,

Caiazza,

Billeci

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Sub-optimal response in schizophrenia is frequent, warranting augmentation strategies over treatment-as-usual (TAU). Methods: We assessed nutraceuticals/phytoceutical augmentation strategies via network meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials in schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder were identified via the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Change (Standardized Mean Difference=SMD) in total symptomatology and acceptability (Risk Ratio=RR) were co-primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were positive, negative, cognitive, and depressive symptom changes, general psychopathology, tolerability, and response rates. We conducted subset analyses by disease phase and sensitivity analyses by risk of bias and assessed global/local inconsistency, publication bias, risk of bias, and confidence in the evidence. Results: The systematic review included 49 records documenting 50 studies (n=2,384) documenting 22 interventions. Citicoline (SMD=-1.05,95%CI=-1.85; -.24), L-lysine (SMD=-1.04,95%CI=-1.84;-.25), N-acetylcysteine (SMD=-.87,95%CI=-1.27;-.47) and sarcosine (SMD=-.5,95%CI=-.87-.13) outperformed placebo for total symptomatology. High heterogeneity (tau2=.10, I2=55.9%) and global inconsistency (Q=40.79, df=18, p=.002) emerged without publication bias (Egger’s test, p=.42). Sarcosine improved negative symptoms (SMD=-.65, 95%CI=-1.10; -.19). N-acetylcysteine improved negative symptoms (SMD=-.90, 95%CI=-1.42; -.39)/general psychopathology (SMD=-.76, 95%CI=-1.39; -.13). No compound improved total symptomatology within acute phase studies (k=7, n=422). Sarcosine (SMD=-1.26,95%CI=-1.91; -.60), citicoline (SMD=-1.05,95%CI=-1.65;-.44), and N-acetylcysteine (SMD=-.55,95%CI=-.92,-.19) outperformed placebo augmentation in clinically stable participants. Sensitivity analyses removing high-risk-of-bias studies confirmed overall findings in all phases and clinically stable samples. In contrast, the acute phase analysis restricted to low risk-of-bias studies showed a superior effect vs. placebo for N-acetylcysteine (SMD=-1.10,95%CI=-1.75,-.45), L-lysine (SMD=-1.05,95%CI=-1.55,-.19), omega-3 fatty acids (SMD=-.83,95%CI=-1.31,-.34) and withania somnifera (SMD=-.71,95%CI=-1.21,-.22). Citicoline (SMD=-1.05,95%CI=-1.86,-.23), L-lysine (SMD=-1.04,95%CI=-1.84,-.24), N-acetylcysteine (SMD=-.89,95%CI=-1.35,-.43) and sarcosine (SMD=-.61,95%CI=-1.02,-.21) outperformed placebo augmentation of TAU (“any phase”). Drop-out due to any cause or adverse events did not differ between nutraceutical/phytoceutical vs. placebo+TAU. Conclusions: Sarcosine, citicoline, and N-acetylcysteine are promising augmentation interventions in stable patients with schizophrenia, yet the quality of evidence is low to very low. Further high-quality trials in acute phases/specific outcomes/difficult-to-treat schizophrenia are warranted.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Neuroprotective Effects of Sarcosine

Cited by 17 publications

References 77 publications

Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins

Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins

Application of a capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry metabolomics workflow in zebrafish larvae reveals new effects of cortisol

Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

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