In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Acorus calamus extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Abstract

To develop a environment friendly control measure against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, medicinally important plants were identified and extracts were prepared. Twelve 95% ethanolic, thirteen 50% hydroethanolic and nine hot water extracts were prepared and tested against laboratory reared homogenous colony of R. (B.) microplus. Amongst the 34 extracts, 26 extracts showed no mortality within 72 h of application while 12.0 ± 4.9% to 35.0 ± 9.6% mortality of treated ticks was recorded in other extracts. Of the effective extracts, the extract prepared from rhizome of Acorus calamus proved highly efficacious and 100% final mortality within 14 DPT was recorded. The LC85 value of the extract was determined as 11.26. In vivo experiments confirmed the efficacy of the extract up to 42%, and repeat application was required after 7 DPT. The extract was found safe and no reaction was observed when animals were treated with 50% of the concentration, which was five times of the concentration used for in vivo studies. The possibility of using the extract for the control of cattle tick is discussed.

In vitro effects of Pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…In many countries, Brazil included, the acaricide-resistant tick population has been increasing, to the point that few acaricides have efficacy of more than 75% of the tick population (GRAF et al, 2004;MENDES et al, 2011). On the other hand, the results of certain studies suggest that environmentally friendly acaricides can be obtained from plants (GHOSH et al, 2011;GARCIA et al, 2012). As an alternative, plant extracts are used to manage animal health and parasite control in several regions in the world (GITHIORI et al, 2006;TAMIRU et al, 2013;NYAHANGARE et al, 2015).…”

Comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…Amongst the different plant extracts having anti-tick activities, extracts of Melia azedarach (Morgan and Thorton 1973;Nakatani et al 1985) Annona squamosa (Kawazu et al 1989;Hopp et al 1998;Parvin et al 2003), peel oil of citrus spp. (Chungsamarnyart and Jansawan 1996) Ghosh et al 2011) and Ricinus communis were studied extensively to establish its potential as acaricide against various tick species. Various workers have reported the tickicidal activity of plants used in Zerokeet Ò and Erina Ò -EP.…”

“…(B.) microplus (Chungsamarnyart et al 1988;Ghosh et al 2011). The Eucalyptus globules essential oils at 5.0 % concentration produced 37.5 % mortality after six days post treatment in adult stage of R. (B) microplus with Pongamia glabra extract and seed oil resulted in lower egg production and hatchability (Bisen et al 2010(Bisen et al , 2011, neem seed oil/extracts (Azadirachta indica) elicited acaricidal effects on egg, immature, and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (AbdelShafy and Zayed 2002) and R.(B.)…”

An Overview of Plants with Acaricidal and Anthelmintic Properties

“…After successful attachment of the seed ticks, the candidate drugs are applied topically. The evaluation criterion is number of ticks droping off the animal (Ghosh et al, 2011(Ghosh et al, , 2013(Ghosh et al, , 2015aZaman et al, 2012a).…”