In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Abstract

<jats:p>Background and Aim: Stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. Erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. Blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. However, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. The aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduced glutathione (glutathione reductase [GSH-Rd]), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in stored donkey blood. Materials and Methods: Blood (250 ml) was drawn from four clinically healthy donkeys into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 blood bags and preserved at 4°C. MDA, GSH-Rd, CAT, and SOD activities were assayed by colorimetric methods, over a period of 42 days. Results: The result showed that SOD enzyme activities significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased by day 7 post-storage (PS) while MDA levels significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased by day 21 PS. However, activities of GSH-Rd and CAT enzymes decreased (p&lt;0.05) by day 21 PS. Pearson's product-moment correlation showed a negative correlation between the levels of MDA and enzymatic antioxidant markers (CAT and GSH-Rd). Conclusion: The findings revealed that GSH-Rd and CAT are the primary antioxidant defense markers in donkey red blood cells. The observed alterations in these principal antioxidants suggest a 14 days optimum keeping time of donkey blood for blood banking purposes.</jats:p>

Use of antioxidant nanoparticles to reduce oxidative stress in blood storage

“…Oxidative stress is a cellular phenomenon or condition that occurs as a result of a physiological imbalance between the levels of antioxidants and oxidants (free radicals or reactive species) in favor of oxidants 14 In vivo, a wide array of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses exists, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), beta‐carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E. Due to the function of RBCs in oxygen transport, the occurrence of oxidative stress in this product can be important. Under normal physiological conditions, there is a balance between the RBC antioxidant system and free radicals 15 . SOD is the first detoxification enzyme and most powerful antioxidant in the cell.…”

“…Almost all organisms have in‐built endogenous antioxidant defense and repair systems for protection against oxidative damage, and very frequently these systems are inadequate to completely prevent the damage 16 . In blood banking conditions, the blood antioxidant system may not be able to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals and this has a negative effect on blood quality during storage 15 . Complications of this disorder include oxidation of lipid membrane and denaturation of proteins 17 …”

“…Under normal physiological conditions, there is a balance between the RBC antioxidant system and free radicals. 15 SOD is the first detoxification enzyme and most powerful antioxidant in the cell. It is an important endogenous antioxidant enzyme that acts as a component of the firstline defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”

“…16 In blood banking conditions, the blood antioxidant system may not be able to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals and this has a negative effect on blood quality during storage. 15 Complications of this disorder include oxidation of lipid membrane and denaturation of proteins. 17 So far, there are several ways to reduce the storage of lesions in blood bags.…”