In Vitro Biotransformation in Drug Discovery

Ravindran, Selvan; Rokade, Rutuja; Suthar, Jitendra Kumar; Singh, Pooja; Deshpande, Pooja; Khambadkar, Rajeshree; Utekar, Srushti

doi:10.5772/intechopen.73173

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Before a pharmaceutical drug is approved by the FDA, its metabolites are thoroughly researched and described, as well as related in vitro and in vivo investigations [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Drug Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Dixit¹,

Tiwari²,

Bose³

et al. 2021

Drug Metabolism

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Several phytochemicals have been developed as medicinal compounds. Extensive research has recently been conducted on phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, gallic acid, humulone, quercetin, rutin, diosgenin, allicin, gingerenone-A, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, and others. All of these phytochemicals are metabolized in the biological system. To study the metabolic pathways of phytochemicals, studies are done using both in vitro and in vivo techniques. Metabolism is critical in determining phytochemical bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness. Metabolism can occur in organs such as the intestine, liver, gut, and spleen. The metabolic process is aided by a variety of enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes found in the organs. This study outlines a few phytochemicals metabolic pathways. Tannic acid, ellagic acid, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol are selected and explained as examples.

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“…Before a pharmaceutical drug is approved by the FDA, its metabolites are thoroughly researched and described, as well as related in vitro and in vivo investigations [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Drug Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Dixit¹,

Tiwari²,

Bose³

et al. 2021

Drug Metabolism

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Organ-on-a-chip [17] is an ongoing research to hasten the process of drug discovery and development. In vitro drug screening and safety testing [18][19][20] are essential to minimize extensive studies on laboratory animals. Microbioreactors designed as per the need of the study will be highly beneficial to understand the potency and toxicity of the developed drug molecules.…”

Section: Microbioreactors In Drug Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Ravindran¹,

Singh²,

Nene³

et al. 2019

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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Screening for novel producer strains and enhanced therapeutic production at reduced cost has been the focus of most of the biopharmaceutical industries. The obligation to carry out prolonged intensive pilot scale experiments gave birth to micro-scale bioreactor systems. Screening large number of microorganisms using shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors is tedious and consumes resources. Microbioreactors that mimic benchtop bioreactors are capable not only of high throughput screening of producer strains, but also aid in optimizing the growth kinetics and expression of proteins. Modern technology has enabled the collection of precise online data for variables such as optical density (OD), pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and adjusting in mixing inside microreactors. Microbioreactors have become an irreplaceable tool for biochemical engineers and biotechnologists to perform a large number of experiments simultaneously. Another aspect that is vital to any industry is the product yield and subsequent downstream processing. Perfusion bioreactors are one of the upcoming advances in bioreactor systems that have the potential to revolutionize biologics production. This chapter intends to take a review of different aspects of microbioreactors and perfusion bioreactors including their potential in high throughput pilot studies and microbial and mammalian cell cultivation technologies.

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Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics

Ravindran

Tambe

Suthar

et al. 2019

CDM

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Background: Nanomedicine is increasingly used to treat various ailments. Biocompatibility of nanomedicine is primarily governed by its properties such as bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics. One of the major advantages of nanomedicine is enhanced bioavailability of drugs. Biotransformation of nanomedicine is important to understand the pharmacological effects of nanomedicine. Biokinetics includes both pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of nanomedicine. Physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials have extensive influence on bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine. Method: We carried out a structured peer-reviewed research literature survey and analysis using bibliographic databases. Results: Eighty papers were included in the review. Papers dealing with bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine are found and reviewed. Bioavailability and biotransformation along with biokinetics are three major factors that determine the biological fate of nanomedicine. Extensive research work has been done for drugs of micron size but studies on nanomedicine are scarce. Therefore, more emphasis in this review is given on the bioavailability and biotransformation of nanomedicine along with biokinetics. Conclusion: Bioavailability results based on various nanomedicine are summarized in the present work. Biotransformation of nanodrugs as well as nanoformulations is also the focus of this article. Both in vitro and in vivo biotransformation studies on nanodrugs and its excipients are necessary to know the effect of metabolites formed. Biokinetics of nanomedicine is captured in details that are complimentary to bioavailability and biotransformation. Nanomedicine has the potential to be developed as a personalized medicine once its physicochemical properties and its effect on biological system are well understood.

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In Vitro Biotransformation in Drug Discovery

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Metabolism of Phytochemicals

Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture

Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics

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