In vitro chemotaxis of Brugia pahangi infective larvae to the sera and hemolymph of mammals and lower animals

Kusaba, T.; Fujimaki, Yasunori; Vincent, Albert L.; Aoki, Yoshiki

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2007.12.006

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…All chemotaxis assays were performed immediately after extraction of L3s from local infections and following previously published protocols (22)(23)(24) . For nicotinamide (NAM, DOT Scientific, Burton, MI) treatment experiments, extracted parasites were first sorted from warm RPMI 1640 into room temperature RPMI 1640, and half of the parasites were placed in media supplemented with a final concentration of 250 µM NAM and incubated for 30 min.…”

Section: Brugia Chemotaxis Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most studies have focused on single-host nematode parasites with direct life cycles, which are phylogenetically distant from the vector-borne filarial parasites of clade III. Recent studies using human-infective Brugia malayi and feline-infective Brugia pahangi , a model species for human LF, reveal the presence of canonical nematode sensory organs (amphids) and robust chemotaxis responses to host-associated cues in vitro (21)(22)(23)(24) . Filarial nematode species also exhibit genus-specific patterns of intra-host migration (25) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and functional diversification of chemosensory pathway receptors in mosquito-borne filarial nematodes

Wheeler

Heimark

Airs

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) afflicts over 60 million people worldwide and leads to severe pathological outcomes in chronic cases. The filarial nematode parasites that cause LF require both arthropod (mosquito) intermediate hosts and mammalian definitive hosts for their propagation. The invasion and migration of filarial parasites through host tissues are complex and critical to survival, yet little is known about the receptors and signaling pathways that mediate taxis in these medically important species.To better understand filarial chemosensation we employ comparative genomics, transcriptomics, reverse genetics, and chemical approaches to identify putative chemosensory receptor proteins and perturb chemosensory phenotypes in filarial nematode parasites. We find that chemoreceptor family size is correlated with the presence of environmental (extra-host) stages in nematode life cycles, and that filarial parasites contain a compact and highly-diverged chemoreceptor complement and lineage-specific ion channels that are predicted to operate downstream of chemoreceptor activation. In Brugia malayi, an etiological agent of LF, chemoreceptor expression patterns correspond to distinct parasite migration events across the life cycle. To interrogate the role of chemosensation in host migration, arthropod infectious stage (microfilariae) and vertebrate infectious stage (L3) Brugia parasites were incubated in nicotinamide, an agonist of the nematode transient receptor potential (TRP) channel osm-9 . Exposure of microfilariae to nicotinamide alters intra-mosquito migration while exposure of L3s reduces chemotaxis towards host-associated cues in vitro . Nicotinamide exposure also modulates thermosensory responses in L3s, suggesting a polymodal sensory role for Brugia osm-9 . Reverse genetic studies implicate both osm-9 and the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel subunit tax-4 in larval chemotaxis towards host serum, while these ion channel subunits do not rescue chemosensory defects in C. elegans osm-9 and tax-4 knock-out strains. Together, these data reveal genetic and functional diversification of chemosensory signaling proteins in filarial nematode parasites, and encourage a more thorough investigation of clade and parasite-specific facets of nematode sensory receptor biology.

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Section: Brugia Chemotaxis Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and functional diversification of chemosensory pathway receptors in mosquito-borne filarial nematodes

Wheeler

Heimark

Airs

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In addition, Kusaba et al (2008) showed that the sera derived from various mammals attracted filarial L3. These results suggested that the sera contained an attractant for the L3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro chemotactic responses of Brugia pahangi infective larvae to sodium ions

et al. 2011

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In vitro chemotactic responses of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of Brugia pahangi to NaCl, Na 2 HPO 4 , KCl, K 2 HPO 4 , MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 were assessed. Compared to deionized water as a control, 200 mM NaCl and 100 mM Na 2 HPO 4 significantly attracted L3 (P , 0.01 and P , 0.01), whereas L3 were likely to avoid 200 mM KCl and 100 mM K 2 HPO 4 (P , 0.05 and P , 0.05). L3 showed no significant tendency to avoid or to be attracted to 200 mM CaCl 2 and 200 mM MgCl 2 . Furthermore, NaCl exhibited a significant chemoattractant activity for L3 at a low concentration of 100 mM.

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“…Although the positive response was stronger than that observed to Aedes saline, there was no statistically significant difference between the three responses. It has been suggested that differential parasite responses to chemical cues may reflect host-specificity (Vetter et al ., 1985; Granzer and Haas, 1991; Koga and Tada, 2000; Kusaba et al ., 2008; Castelletto et al ., 2014), however, the quantitatively similar attractive responses of B. malayi L3 to bovine and human serum suggest any host discriminating sensory cues are not present in these fluids as bovids are not hosts for B. malayi .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exploitation of this paradigm requires a better understanding of chemosensory behavior in filarial nematodes. To this end, research has been limited to the infectious L3 stage of B. pahangi , which is attracted to host serum and sodium ions in a concentration dependent manner (Gunawardena et al ., 2003; Kusaba et al ., 2008; Mitsui et al ., 2012). The goals of the present study were to characterize the ultrastructure of chemosensory apparatus of human-infecting filarial worm parasites and to profile functional chemosensory behavior in the invasive L3 stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory structure and function in the filarial nematode, Brugia malayi

Srinivasan

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Nematode chemosensory behaviors underlie fundamental processes and activities in development, reproduction, tropisms and taxes. For parasitic species, chemosensation is essential for host seeking and host and tissue invasion behaviors. Such fundamental biology presents an attractive target for developing behavior-blocking anthelminthic drugs, but the anatomy and functional relevance of parasitic nematode chemosensory machinery are poorly understood. The goals of this study were to better understand the chemosensory apparatus and behaviors of infectious stage Brugia malayi (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), a mosquito-borne nematode and etiological agent of Lymphatic Filariasis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that amphids, the major chemosensory organs, are present on adult B. malayi and arranged in a conserved manner. Internal sensory neuroanatomy display structural differences between life stages, and a simpler chemosensory architecture as compared to free-living nematodes. Positive and negative chemotactic behaviors were identified for a repertoire of chemicals with known chemostimulatory activity for the mosquito host that may facilitate host-selectivity and invasion. This is the first description of chemosensory anatomy and chemotactic behaviors in B. malayi that reveal the involvement of chemosensation in parasite transmission and host invasion.Key findings•Amphidial arrangement in B. malayi is less complex than free-living nematodes.•Chemosensory neuroanatomy is stage-specific and simpler than free-living nematodes.•B. malayi responses to stimuli can be measured using a plate-based assay.•Chemostimulants associated with mosquito host-seeking induce negative and positive tropisms for L3 stage B. malayi.

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In vitro chemotaxis of Brugia pahangi infective larvae to the sera and hemolymph of mammals and lower animals

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Genetic and functional diversification of chemosensory pathway receptors in mosquito-borne filarial nematodes

Genetic and functional diversification of chemosensory pathway receptors in mosquito-borne filarial nematodes

In vitro chemotactic responses of Brugia pahangi infective larvae to sodium ions

Chemosensory structure and function in the filarial nematode, Brugia malayi

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