In Vitro Culture of Lichen Partners: Need and Implications

Verma, Neeraj; Behera, Bhaskar C.

doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2235-4_8

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…To isolate the key genes involved in many activities, including secondary compound synthesis, symbiosis, and drought resistance in lichens, their cultures play an important role. Although cell aggregates that originated from natural lichen thallus fragments were composed of algal and fungal cells, their morphological differentiation is lacking since the algae and fungi act as the symbionts of the lichen [ 48 ].…”

Section: Cultures To Extract Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Insight into Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods in Discovering Ascomycetous Taxa

Wijayawardene

Bahram

Sánchez-Castro

et al. 2021

JoF

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Culture techniques are vital in both traditional and modern fungal taxonomy. Establishing sexual–asexual links and synanamorphs, extracting DNA and secondary metabolites are mainly based on cultures. However, it is widely accepted that a large number of species are not sporulating in nature while others cannot be cultured. Recent ecological studies based on culture-independent methods revealed these unculturable taxa, i.e., dark taxa. Recent fungal diversity estimation studies suggested that environmental sequencing plays a vital role in discovering missing species. However, Sanger sequencing is still the main approach in determining DNA sequences in culturable species. In this paper, we summarize culture-based and culture-independent methods in the study of ascomycetous taxa. High-throughput sequencing of leaf endophytes, leaf litter fungi and fungi in aquatic environments is important to determine dark taxa. Nevertheless, currently, naming dark taxa is not recognized by the ICN, thus provisional naming of them is essential as suggested by several studies.

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Section: Cultures To Extract Secondary Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Insight into Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods in Discovering Ascomycetous Taxa

Wijayawardene

Bahram

Sánchez-Castro

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…These metabolites are deposited in fruiting bodies, vegetative propagules and/or the cortical layer of lichen thalli (Mitrović et al . ; Verma and Behera ), from where they can be extracted with organic solvents. Except for some phenolic compounds (Zagoskina et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for some phenolic compounds (Zagoskina et al . ), they are usually insoluble in water (Verma and Behera ), but at least some of them in small amounts can probably be washed out by rainfall (Malicki ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such metabolites are biosynthesized by the mycobiont from photosynthetic products in several metabolic pathways; for example, depsides, depsidones, depsons, dibenzofurans and xanthones are formed in the acetylpolymalonyl pathway, terpenes and steroids in the mevalonic acid pathway, and terphenylquinones and pulvinic acid derivatives in the shikimic acid pathway ( Galun and Shomer-Ilan 1988; Elix and Stocker-W€ org€ otter 2008;Elix 2014;Rankovi c and Kosani c 2015). These metabolites are deposited in fruiting bodies, vegetative propagules and/or the cortical layer of lichen thalli (Mitrovi c et al 2011; Verma and Behera 2015), from where they can be extracted with organic solvents. Except for some phenolic compounds (Zagoskina et al 2013), they are usually insoluble in water (Verma and Behera 2015), but at least some of them in small amounts can probably be washed out by rainfall (Malicki 1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These metabolites are deposited in fruiting bodies, vegetative propagules and/or the cortical layer of lichen thalli (Mitrovi c et al 2011; Verma and Behera 2015), from where they can be extracted with organic solvents. Except for some phenolic compounds (Zagoskina et al 2013), they are usually insoluble in water (Verma and Behera 2015), but at least some of them in small amounts can probably be washed out by rainfall (Malicki 1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antifungal activity of lichen compounds against dermatophytes: a review

Furmanek

Czarnota

Seaward

2019

J of Applied Microbiology

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Summary The growth rate inhibition of dermatophytes by compounds extracted by acetone, ethanol, methanol and water derived from representatives of several lichen genera (e.g. Caloplaca, Everniastrum, Heterodermia, Hypotrachyna, Platismatia and Ramalina) were compared on the basis of a worldwide review of published research. The examined dermatophytes included Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum, Trichophyton longifusus, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum. The influence of selected secondary lichen compounds, for example, usnic acid, on the growth rates of these dermatophytes was also reviewed. The measurement of inhibition by lichen compounds was performed by several methods, but mostly those employing disc diffusion, broth dilution and agar dilution. The fungicidal activity of water‐extracted compounds from Heterodermia leucomela and Hypotrachyna cirrhata and of methanol‐extracted compounds from Evernia divaricata and Ramalina pollinaria, as well as protolichesterinic and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐3,6‐dimethylbenzoic acids, are distinguished.

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