In vitro Culture of the Flagellate Protozoan
            <i>Hexamita salmonis</i>

Uzmann, Joseph R.; Hayduk, S. H.

doi:10.1126/science.140.3564.290

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Spironucleus barkhanus seems to be able to live and multiply at high densities. A cell density of more than 10' cells ml-' in culture is 5 times higher than reported for Giardia lamblia (Visvesvara 1980, Keister 1983) and 40 times higher than reported for Hexamita salmonis (Uzmann & Hayduk 1963, Buchmann & Uldal 1996. This could reflect the suitability of the medium for S. barkhanus, but a potential for high reproductive activity was also seen in vivo in the salmon suffering from systemic spironucleosis, where large muscle abscesses were found to contain a high density of trophozoites in pure culture (Poppe et al 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

In vitro cultivation and temperature-dependent growth of two strains of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida:Hexamitidae) from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grayling Thymallus thymallus

Sterud¹

1998

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Spironucleus barkhanus from muscle abscesses of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., and from the gall bladder of grayling Thymallus thymallus (L.) was cultivated axenically in a medium routinely used for cultivation of the human pathogen Giardia duodenaljs. Trophozoites multiplied by binary division, but nlultinucleated cells (< 10 nuclei) were frequently observed Complete cell divisions were never observed in these cells. Both strains grew at all temperatures tested (5, 10, 15 and 20°C). However, continuous growth of the salmon strain at 20°C was not possible. Growth potential, calculated as minimum generation time, showed relatively small differences both between strains and among temperatures, but the results indicate that the grayling strain had both a slightly higher optimum temperature and a higher upper temperature limit than the salmon strain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

In vitro cultivation and temperature-dependent growth of two strains of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida:Hexamitidae) from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grayling Thymallus thymallus

Sterud¹

1998

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…The TYI-S-33 medium (Keister 1983) alone did not appear to support growth of the H. salmonis strains studied (data not shown). Judging from the maximum number of cells recorded in our culture flasks (290000 cells ml-l) it appears that the MEM medium supplemented with Keister's medium is superior to the medium (100000 cells ml-l) used by Uzmann & Hayduk (1963). However, parasite strain differences and incubation method may influence this variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…This can explain the pronounced occurrence of the parasite in winter, spring and early summer (Davis 1956, Buchmann et al 1995 and its subsequent survival in summer. Comparative temperature experiments were not presented by Uzmann & Hayduk (1963) although they chose to cultivate the organism a t 10°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar variations are likely to be found in H. salmonis. The first cultivation of a H. salmonis strain using human cord serum in a culture medium was achieved by Uzmann & Hayduk (1963) and subsequently an evaluation of the pathogenicity of particular isolate was performed (Uzmann et al 1965). In the present paper we present a new easy culture technique for H. salmonis, the isolation and cultivation of a Danish strain of this protozoan species and the subsequent determination of temperature, pH and bile requirements for this particular parasite strain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature, pH and bile dependent in vitro cultivation of Hexamita salmonis from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss intestine

Buchmann¹,

Uldal²

1996

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The intestinal diplomonadid flagellate Hexamita salmonis was isolated from the intestinal contents of freshwater reared ra~nbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Denmark and maintained in axenic cultures in the laboratory. A cell culture medium (MEM) or MEM supplemented with a bile solution (Keister's modified TYI-S-33) and penicillin, gentamicin and nystatin (mycostatin) was used as culture substrate. Temperature, pH and bile requirements for laboratory maintenance were investigated. Optimum temperature for H. salmonis population increase was determined to be 10°C. Satisfactory although decreased growth was found at 5OC. At 15°C and 20°C flagellate cells survived but did not exhibit significant population growth. In the pH range from 4 to 10 parasite survival was seen from 5.5 to 9.0, although optimum pH conditions for population Increase were pH 7.5 to 8.0. Bile In low concentrations (30 to 960 mg ]-') enhanced flagellate propagation sl~ghtly. This study on the basic requirements explains the occurrence of the flagellate in rainbow trout in less warm seasons and biotopes as well as particular microhabitats in the host.

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“…In vitro cultures of other protozoan parasites of fishes had been performed by various researchers (Uzmann and Hayduk, 1963;Noga, 1987;Noga and Bower, 1987;Woo and Li, 1990;Wang and Belosevic, 1994). The in vitro techniques reduce space and other resources and eliminate the use and maintenance of liv ing host fishes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Short Term In vitro Culture of Cryptocaryon irritans, a Protozoan Parasite of Marine Fishes

Yambot

Song

2004

Fish Pathol.

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ABSTRACT--Attempts were made to cultivate Cryptocaryon irritans in vitro atAttachment of theronts and subsequent enlargement into trophonts were achieved in two experi ments using strips of trypticase soy agar (TSA, supplemented with 3% NaCl) as an attachment substrate in filtered seawater.In the third experiment, transformation of theronts into trophonts was achieved in an enriched liquid medium composed of 50% filtered seawater, 30% Leibovitz L-15 and 20% fetal calf serum without attachment onto the TSA. Sizes (mean of the trophonts, 114.6were from a recorded size range (50 to 700 vivo. Although only limited numbers of theronts (0.28-1.71%) transformed into trophonts, these results showed that the in vitro culture of C. irritans is potentially feasible as evidenced by the enlargement of the trophonts within the in vivo size range using either a solid medium as an attach ment substrate or a liquid medium without attachment.There is a need, however, to determine essential factors that influence the transformation of the trophonts into viable tomonts capable of producing theronts.

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In vitro Culture of the Flagellate Protozoan Hexamita salmonis

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

In vitro cultivation and temperature-dependent growth of two strains of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida:Hexamitidae) from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grayling Thymallus thymallus

In vitro cultivation and temperature-dependent growth of two strains of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida:Hexamitidae) from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grayling Thymallus thymallus

Temperature, pH and bile dependent in vitro cultivation of Hexamita salmonis from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss intestine

Short Term In vitro Culture of Cryptocaryon irritans, a Protozoan Parasite of Marine Fishes

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